Enclosure for a wirelessly locatable tag

ABSTRACT

A wirelessly locatable tag may be configured to transmit a wireless signal to an electronic device to facilitate localization of the wirelessly locatable tag by the electronic device. The wirelessly locatable tag may include an antenna assembly comprising an antenna frame defining a top surface and a peripheral side surface and an antenna positioned along the peripheral side surface and configured to transmit the wireless signal. The wirelessly locatable tag may further include a frame member coupled to the antenna assembly and defining a battery cavity configured to receive a button cell battery and an enclosure enclosing the antenna assembly and the frame member. The enclosure may include a first housing member formed from a unitary polymer structure and defining a top wall defining an entirety of a top exterior surface of the wirelessly locatable tag.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation patent application of PCT PatentApplication No. PCT/US2020/028424, filed Apr. 16, 2020 and titled“Wirelessly Locatable Tag,” which claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/835,469, filed Apr. 17, 2019 and titled“Wirelessly Locatable Tag,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/855,768, filed May 31, 2019 and titled “Wirelessly Locatable Tag,”U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/894,640, filed Aug. 30, 2019and titled “Wirelessly Locatable Tag,” U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 63/101,179, filed Sep. 26, 2019 and titled “Enclosurefor a Wirelessly Locatable Tag,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/922,248, filed Sep. 26, 2019 and titled “Holding Accessory for aWirelessly Locatable Tag,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.63/101,180, filed Sep. 26, 2019 and titled “Audio Output System for aWirelessly Locatable Tag,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.63/101,212, filed Sep. 26, 2019 and titled “Antenna Assembly for aWirelessly Locatable Tag,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/922,250, filed Sep. 26, 2019 and titled “Battery Connection Systemfor a Wirelessly Locatable Tag,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.63/101,182, filed Sep. 26, 2019 and titled “Mounting Base for aWirelessly Locatable Tag,” U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/922,249, filed Sep. 26, 2019 and titled “Wirelessly Coupled AccessorySystem for an Electronic Device,” U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 63/101,242, filed Sep. 26, 2019 and titled “Fastener with aConstrained Retention Ring,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.63/101,229, filed Sep. 26, 2019 and titled “Biomechanical Sensing Systemusing Wirelessly Locatable Tags,” the disclosures of which are herebyincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD

The described embodiments relate generally to a wirelessly locatabletag.

BACKGROUND

Electronic devices like mobile phones and portable computers are usedextensively around the world. Traditionally, a geographic location of anelectronic device may be determined using a global positioning system(GPS) or other locating system or technique. However, it may bedifficult to locate personal property that is not an electronic deviceor to locate electronic devices that lack a GPS. The systems andtechniques described herein are generally directed to a wirelesslylocatable tag that may be used to determine the location of electronicdevices or other personal property or objects.

SUMMARY

A wirelessly locatable tag may be configured to transmit a wirelesssignal to an electronic device to facilitate localization of thewirelessly locatable tag by the electronic device. The wirelesslylocatable tag may include an antenna assembly comprising an antennaframe defining a top surface and a peripheral side surface and anantenna positioned along the peripheral side surface and configured totransmit the wireless signal. The wirelessly locatable tag may furtherinclude a frame member coupled to the antenna assembly and defining abattery cavity configured to receive a button cell battery and anenclosure enclosing the antenna assembly and the frame member. Theenclosure may include a first housing member formed from a unitarypolymer structure and defining a top wall defining an entirety of a topexterior surface of the wirelessly locatable tag and a peripheral sidewall surrounding at least a portion of the peripheral side surface ofthe antenna assembly and defining at least a portion of an exteriorperipheral side surface of the wirelessly locatable tag. The enclosuremay further include a second housing member removably coupled to theframe member and defining at least a portion of a bottom exteriorsurface of the wirelessly locatable tag. The wirelessly locatable tagmay further include an audio system configured to move the top wall ofthe first housing member to produce an audible output. The antenna framemay include a polymer material, and the antenna may be plated on thepolymer material.

The wirelessly locatable tag may further include a circuit boardattached to the antenna assembly, the antenna frame may define aperipheral support flange, and the peripheral support flange may atleast partially surround an outer periphery of the circuit board.

The wirelessly locatable tag may further include a circuit boardattached to the antenna assembly, the antenna frame may define a circuitboard cavity, and the circuit board may be at least partially within thecircuit board cavity.

The second housing member may define a passage fluidly coupling aninternal volume of the wirelessly locatable tag with an externalenvironment, and the wirelessly locatable tag may further include anair-permeable waterproof membrane covering the passage. The top wall ofthe first housing member may contact the top surface of the antennaframe, the antenna frame may define a peripheral support flange, and theperipheral support flange may contact the frame member.

A wirelessly locatable tag may be configured to transmit a wirelesssignal to an electronic device to facilitate localization of thewirelessly locatable tag by the electronic device. The wirelesslylocatable tag may include an antenna assembly, which may include anantenna frame defining a top surface and a peripheral side surface, andan antenna positioned along the peripheral side surface and configuredto transmit the wireless signal. The wirelessly locatable tag mayinclude a unitary upper housing member formed from plastic and attachedto and at least partially enclosing the antenna assembly, the unitaryupper housing member defining a substantial entirety of a top exteriorsurface of the wirelessly locatable tag. The wirelessly locatable tagmay further include a frame member coupled to the antenna assembly anddefining a battery cavity configured to receive a battery, and a lowerhousing member removably coupled to the frame member to enclose thebattery and defining at least a portion of a bottom exterior surface ofthe wirelessly locatable tag.

The frame member may define a channel, and the lower housing member maydefine a latch member that engages the channel to retain the lowerhousing member to the frame member. The channel may be defined by achannel surface, and the wirelessly locatable tag may further include abiasing member attached to the lower housing member and configured toforce the latch member into engagement with the channel surface. Thebiasing member may be further configured to bias the battery into thebattery cavity. The antenna frame may define an opening, and thewirelessly locatable tag may further include an audio system at leastpartially within the opening in the antenna frame and configured to movethe top exterior surface of the unitary upper housing member to producean audible output.

The lower housing member may define a passage fluidly coupling aninternal volume of the wirelessly locatable tag with an externalenvironment, and the wirelessly locatable tag may further include anair-permeable waterproof membrane covering the passage. The antenna maybe a first antenna, and the antenna assembly may further include asecond antenna positioned along the peripheral side surface and a thirdantenna positioned along the top surface.

A wirelessly locatable device may be configured to transmit a wirelesssignal to an electronic device to facilitate localization of thewirelessly locatable device by the electronic device. The wirelesslylocatable device may include an upper housing member defining a top walldefining a top exterior surface and at least a first portion of a firstcavity, and a peripheral side wall defining a peripheral side surfaceand at least a second portion of the first cavity. The wirelesslylocatable device may further include an antenna assembly within thefirst cavity and including an antenna frame defining a second cavity andan antenna attached to the antenna frame and configured to transmit thewireless signal. The wirelessly locatable device may further include acircuit board at least partially within the second cavity and coupled tothe antenna frame, a frame member coupled to the antenna assembly anddefining a battery cavity configured to receive a battery, and a lowerhousing member removably coupled to the frame member to enclose thebattery cavity.

The wirelessly locatable device may further include a biasing membercoupled to the lower housing member and configured to produce a biasingforce between the lower housing member and the upper housing member. Theframe member may be attached to the antenna frame over the secondcavity, thereby defining an at least partially enclosed volume betweenthe frame member and the antenna frame and the circuit board may bewithin the at least partially enclosed volume.

The top wall may further define an interior surface opposite the topexterior surface, a first portion of the interior surface may contactthe antenna frame, and a second portion of the interior surface may beset apart from the antenna frame by a gap. The second portion of theinterior surface may be defined by a central portion of the top wall,and the wirelessly locatable device may further include an audio systempositioned below the central portion of the top wall. The audio systemmay be configured to move the central portion of the top wall to producean audible output.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure will be readily understood by the following detaileddescription in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein likereference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which:

FIG. 1 depicts an example system for locating a wirelessly locatabletag;

FIGS. 2A-2C depict an example public-private key encryption scheme forlocating a wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 2D-2F depict example localization processes for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIG. 3A depicts a top view of an example wirelessly locatable tag;

FIG. 3B depicts a side view of the example wirelessly locatable tag ofFIG. 3A;

FIG. 3C depicts an exploded view of the example wirelessly locatable tagof FIG. 3A;

FIG. 4 depicts a cross-sectional view of an example wirelessly locatabletag;

FIG. 5A depicts an example wirelessly locatable tag;

FIG. 5B depicts a cross-sectional view of the wirelessly locatable tagof FIG. 5A;

FIG. 6 depicts an exploded view of the wirelessly locatable tag of FIG.5A;

FIG. 7 depicts a partial cross-sectional view of the wirelesslylocatable tag of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 8A depicts an example antenna assembly of the wirelessly locatabletag of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 8B depicts another example antenna assembly for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIG. 8C depicts a partial cross-sectional view of the antenna assemblyof FIG. 8A;

FIG. 8D depicts an example housing member with antennas for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIG. 8E depicts an example wirelessly locatable tag;

FIG. 8F depicts an example housing member of the wirelessly locatabletag of FIG. 8E;

FIG. 9 depicts a partial exploded view of the wirelessly locatable tagof FIG. 5A;

FIG. 10A depicts a circuit board of the wirelessly locatable tag of FIG.5A;

FIGS. 10B-10C depict a battery connector of the wirelessly locatable tagof FIG. 5A;

FIG. 10D depicts another example battery connector of the wirelesslylocatable tag of FIG. 5A;

FIGS. 11A-11D depict other example battery connector arrangements for awirelessly locatable tag;

FIG. 12A depicts a partial exploded view of the wirelessly locatable tagof FIG. 5A;

FIGS. 12B-12C depict operations of a latching member of the wirelesslylocatable tag of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 13A depicts an example compliant member of the wirelessly locatabletag of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 13B depicts a partial cross-sectional view of a portion of thewirelessly locatable tag of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 13C depicts another example compliant member for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 14A-16D depict an example mechanism for securing a battery door ofa wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 17A-19E depict another example mechanism for securing a batterydoor of a wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 20A-22D depict another example mechanism for securing a batterydoor of a wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 23A-23E depict another example mechanism for securing a batterydoor of a wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 24A-24C depict another example mechanism for securing a batterydoor of a wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 25A-25C depict another example mechanism for securing a batterydoor of a wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 26A-26B depict aspects of an example audio system of thewirelessly locatable tag of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 27A depicts an exploded view of a magnet assembly of the wirelesslylocatable tag of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 27B depicts a partial cross-sectional view of the wirelesslylocatable tag of FIG. 5A;

FIGS. 28A-28D depict example coil configurations for an audio system fora wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 29A-30 depict other example audio systems for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 31A-31C depict an example top housing member for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 32A-32C depict another example top housing member for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 33A-33C depict another example top housing member for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 34A-34C depict another example top housing member for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 35A-35E depict an example configuration for a wirelessly locatabletag;

FIGS. 36A-36B depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 37A-37C depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 38A-38C depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 39A-39C depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 40A-40C depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 41A-41C depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 42A-42B depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 43A-43C depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 44A-44C depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 45A-45B depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 46A-46B depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 47A-47C depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 48A-48B depict a partial cross-sectional view of the tag of FIGS.47A-47C;

FIGS. 49A-49B depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 50A-50B depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 51A-51C depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 52A-52C depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 53A-53C depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 54A-54B depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 55A-55B depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 56A-56B depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIG. 57 depicts another example configuration for a wirelessly locatabletag;

FIGS. 58A-58C depict another example configuration for a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIG. 59 depicts a rechargeable wirelessly locatable tag;

FIG. 60 depicts another rechargeable wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 61A-65B depict an example mounting base system for wirelesslylocatable tags;

FIG. 66 depicts another example mounting base system for wirelesslylocatable tags;

FIG. 67 depicts another example mounting base system for wirelesslylocatable tags;

FIG. 68 depicts an example contact block for a mounting base system;

FIGS. 69A-69C depict an example tag retainer for holding a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 69D-69G depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 70A-70D depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 71A-71C depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 72A-72C depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 73A-73B depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 74A-74F depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 75A-75C depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 76A-76C depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 77A-77B depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 78A-78B depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 79A-79C depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 80A-80C depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 81A-81B depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 82A-82B depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 83A-83B depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIG. 84A depicts another example tag retainer for holding a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIG. 84B depicts another example tag retainer for holding a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 85A-85B depict an example spring member for attaching to awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 86A-86D depict another example spring member for attaching to awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 87A-87C depict another example spring member for attaching to awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 88A-88B depict another example spring member for attaching to awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 89A-89B depict another example spring member for attaching to awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 90A-90B depict another example spring member for attaching to awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 91A-91B depict another example spring member for attaching to awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 92A-92B depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIG. 93 depicts another example tag retainer for holding a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 94A-94B depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 95A-95B depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 96A-96B depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIG. 97 depicts another example tag retainer for holding a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 98A-98B depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 99A-99C depict an example cover for a wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 100A-100D depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 101A-101C depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIG. 101D depicts another example tag retainer for holding a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 102A-102C depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 103A-103B depict an example wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 104A-104D depict the tag of FIGS. 103A-103B being attached to atag retainer;

FIGS. 105A-105B depict an example wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 105C-105D depict the tag of FIGS. 105A-105B being attached to atag retainer;

FIGS. 106A-106B depict an example wirelessly locatable tag beingattached to a tag retainer;

FIGS. 107A-107B depict an example wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 108A-108B depict the tag of FIGS. 107A-107B being attached to atag retainer;

FIGS. 109A-109D depict an example wirelessly locatable tag and anassociated tag retainer;

FIG. 110A-110B depict an example wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 111A-111B depict the tag of FIGS. 110A-110B being attached to atag retainer;

FIG. 112A-112B depict an example wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 113A-113B depict the tag of FIGS. 112A-112B being attached to atag retainer;

FIG. 114A depicts an example tag retainer for holding a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIG. 114B depicts the retainer of FIG. 114A being attached to a tag;

FIGS. 115A-115C depict an example wirelessly locatable tag and anassociated tag retainer;

FIG. 115D depicts another example wirelessly locatable tag and anassociated tag retainer;

FIGS. 116A-116B depict another example wirelessly locatable tag and anassociated tag retainer;

FIGS. 117A-117C depict another example wirelessly locatable tag and anassociated tag retainer;

FIGS. 118A-118C depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 119A-119B depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 120A-120B depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 121A-121B depict another example tag retainer for holding awirelessly locatable tag;

FIG. 122 depicts another example tag retainer for holding a wirelesslylocatable tag;

FIGS. 123A-125B depict example clips for tag holding accessories;

FIGS. 126A-128 depict example rings for tag holding accessories;

FIGS. 129A-129C depict an accessory for a wirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 130A-130H depict example fasteners for an accessory of awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 131A-131H depict other example fasteners for an accessory of awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 132A-132C depict other example fasteners for an accessory of awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 133A-133B depict another example fastener for an accessory of awirelessly locatable tag;

FIGS. 134A-134C depict an example wireless tag or wireless module thatis integrated with an accessory of a device;

FIGS. 135A-135C depict another example wireless tag or wireless modulethat is integrated with an accessory of a device;

FIGS. 136A-136C depict an example posture-monitoring system having anarray of wireless tags;

FIGS. 137A-137B depict wireless tags positioned along a user's shoulderfor monitoring a posture of a user;

FIGS. 138A-138B depict alternative posture-monitoring systems having anarray of wireless tags;

FIG. 139 depicts an example process for monitoring a user's postureusing an array of wireless tags;

FIG. 140 depicts an electronic device locating wirelessly locatable tagsin an example environment;

FIGS. 141A-141B depict an electronic device locating wirelesslylocatable tags in another example environment;

FIG. 142 depicts wirelessly locatable tags attached to a user's body formonitoring movement or position of the user's body;

FIG. 143 depicts a schematic diagram of an example electronic device;and

FIG. 144 depicts a schematic diagram of an example wirelessly locatabletag.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to representative embodimentsillustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be understood thatthe following description is not intended to limit the embodiments toone preferred embodiment. To the contrary, it is intended to coveralternatives, modifications, and equivalents as can be included withinthe spirit and scope of the described embodiments as defined by theappended claims.

The embodiments herein are generally directed to a device, such as asmall, battery-powered tag, puck, or other object of convenient size andshape, that can be physically and/or geographically located usingwireless communications systems and techniques. For example, a tag mayinclude an antenna that emits a wireless signal or beacon that isdetectable by another electronic device such as a smartphone. Using thedetected wireless signal (and using localization techniques such as timeof flight, received signal strength indication, triangulation, etc.),the smartphone may be able to determine the position of the tag relativeto the smartphone, and, using an absolute location of the smartphonefrom a GPS, the absolute location of the tag as well. The embodimentsherein also relate to the overall network environment that includes (oris defined by) the tags, smartphones, computers, and other devices, andthat facilitates the locating of tags as well as numerous other featuresand functions.

Knowing the location of a tag enables a wide range of location-based usecases. For example, the tag may be used to track the location of aportable object such as a set of physical keys, a purse, backpack,article of clothing, or other suitable object or item of personalproperty. Thus, if the portable object becomes lost or misplaced, a usermay be able to find the object using his or her smartphone, tablet, orother suitable device. A tag may also be used to trigger some action ona computing device (e.g., a smartphone) when the device is within acertain proximity and/or orientation relative to the tag. For example, atag may be positioned in a lobby of a building so that when individualsenter the lobby, their smartphone may detect that it is within athreshold distance of that tag, which in turn causes a map of thebuilding to automatically be displayed on the smartphone. Notably, thedevices and techniques described herein allow distance, position,location, and/or orientation determinations with a high degree ofaccuracy. For example, a smartphone may be capable of determining thelocation of a tag to an accuracy within three feet, and even to withinone foot or less.

As described herein, a tag used for tracking physical objects may be asmall, conveniently shaped device that can be attached to objects, suchas keys, purses, or wallets, to help an owner find lost, misplaced, orstolen objects. The tag may feature a robust structural design thatensures reliable use through a variety of conditions and environments.For example, the tag may be waterproof or at least splash-proof, and maybe capable of withstanding impacts, drop events, or other general traumaresulting from normal use of the tag. In part, the ruggedness of the tagmay be facilitated by the absence of some types of components, such asglass covers, displays, openings in the housing, external moving parts,and the like.

The tag may include a battery, sensors, a wireless communication system,and one or more output devices that can produce audible and/or hapticoutputs. Localization functions may be provided by the wirelesscommunication system, and in particular, by the tag sending wirelesssignals to other devices (e.g., smartphones, tablet computers, etc.)that analyze the wireless signals to determine the distance, position,location, and/or orientation of the tag with a high degree of accuracy.As used herein, localization refers to determining one or more spatialparameters of a tag or other wirelessly locatable device. Spatialparameters include parameters of an object that define an aspect of itsdistance, position, location, and/or orientation in absolute space orrelative to another object. For example, spatial parameters may includeparameters such as a distance between objects, a location in aparticular geography (e.g., latitude and longitude coordinates), a unitvector pointing from one object to another object, an orientation (alsoreferred to as an angular position or attitude) of an object inthree-dimensional space, or the like.

The output devices of a tag may also help a user find a lost tag byemitting sounds and/or haptic outputs. The tag may also include inputdevices that allow users to control or change the tag's operations.Further, the tag may have a shape and form factor that allows the tag tobe easily attached to a user's property (or to a tag retainer oraccessory).

As described herein, the tag may operate in any of multiple modes. In anormal operational mode, for example, the tag may conserve power andestablish momentary or intermittent communications with one or moreother devices (e.g., by sending a wireless beacon signal). Thecommunications may function to confirm the location and may exchangesome information about the state or location of the tag. In this way,the tag can essentially periodically update other devices (e.g., auser's smartphone) with its location and/or status. In some cases, theintermittent communications from the tag may be one-way communications,such as sending a wireless signal for other devices to receive, but notreceiving any information from the other devices.

The tag may also operate in a lost mode. The lost mode may be triggeredin response to an unexpected loss of communication between the tag andone or more other devices (e.g., the user's smartphone), which mayindicate that the tag is no longer in the personal possession orimmediate vicinity of the user. The lost mode may also be triggered by auser reporting the tag as lost to a host system or service. As describedherein, when the tag is in a lost mode, the tag may be adapted to usethird-party devices (e.g., devices of individuals other than the tag'sowner) in order to relay information back to the user. When third-partydevices are used to relay information between the tag and a user, thecommunications may use secured and/or encrypted communications to helpensure the privacy and security of the user.

In some cases, third-party devices that are transiently locatedproximate to the tag may operate as a mesh network or ad-hoc network torelay information back to the user. The information sent to or otherwisemade available to the user may include encrypted data that includes anestimated location of the tag and/or one or more of the third-partydevices. The secured communications may be decrypted by the user in away that maintains the anonymity of the various third-party devices,while also allowing the user to locate the tag using the location datagenerated by the third-party devices.

While the foregoing examples primarily describe a tag communicating witha smartphone to allow the smartphone to determine the location of thetag, this is merely one example use case. More broadly, a tag'sposition, location, orientation, or other spatial parameter may bedeterminable by any device that is configured to communicate with thetag. Example devices include smartphones, tablets, laptop computers,wireless routers, desktop computing devices, home automation systems, orthe like. In some cases, an environment, such as a user's home, mayinclude multiple of these devices, and each device may communicate withthe tag and determine the tag's location and/or maintain a record of thetag's location (or other spatial parameter such as orientation).Moreover, as described herein, these devices may update a server orother database with the tag's location. This may improve the ability tolocate a lost tag, as a user may be able to determine the location ofthe tag by querying the server or database, even if the user is out ofrange of the tag. For example, if a user left her keys at home, adesktop computer at the user's home may have been periodicallycommunicating with (or otherwise receiving signals from) a tag attachedto the keys and updating a server with the location of the tag. The usercan then simply request the current location of the tag from the server,even if she is miles away and unable to directly communicate with thetag with her smartphone. Further example use cases and device detailsare described herein. Outside of the user's home environment, otherdevices not associated with the user (e.g., other people's smartphones)may communicate with the tag (or otherwise receive signals from the tag)to securely and anonymously update the server with the location of thetag. For example, outside of the user's home environment there may behundreds of thousands or even millions of devices that can securely andanonymously report the locations of tags. Any of these numerous devicesthat are close enough to a tag to receive signals or communicate withthe tag (e.g., via Bluetooth) may securely and anonymously update theserver with the tag's location. In this way, the multitude of devicesthat can communicate with or receive signals from a tag form a robust,multi-redundant device-location relay network that can continuously (andprivately) monitor and update the locations of many individual tags.

FIG. 1 depicts an example system that may be used to physically and/orgeographically locate a tag 100. The system may be facilitated in partby a cloud-based service or other host service with which multipledevices communicate to report and receive location information aboutother devices in the system. The operational links between devices(e.g., wirelessly locatable tags, phones, laptops, tablets, wirelessheadphones, etc.) and the cloud-based service may allow the system toprovide robust localization of devices within the system. For example,devices in the system may be registered with the cloud-based service toallow the devices to communicate with the cloud-based service to bothreport and receive location data of tags and other devices in thesystem. Due to the communication and cooperation between and among thevarious devices in FIG. 1 to determine the location of tags and devices,the system shown in FIG. 1 may define and/or be referred to herein as adevice-location relay network.

Because the device-location relay network facilitates determining thelocations of a user's devices, maintaining security and privacy of theuser's location and other information is of the utmost importance.Accordingly, encryption and anonymization schemes may be used to securedata and prevent access to location data by devices or individuals thatare not authorized to do so. In this way, location information may besecurely handled by the device-location relay network without exposinglocation data or other potentially sensitive or private data associatedwith the various devices in the network. For example, devices, such assmartphones, may execute software that facilitates the sending andreceiving of encrypted location reports to and from the cloud-basedservice, and allows users to see the locations of other devices in thenetwork (if they are authorized to do so). The cloud-based service mayalso facilitate the passing of encryption keys (e.g., public keys)between various devices to allow users of those devices to securelyshare their (or their devices') location without the risk ofunauthorized users (including the cloud-service itself) having access tolocation information of a user's device.

Returning to FIG. 1 , the tag 100 may be configured to wirelesslycommunicate with devices 102 (e.g., mobile phones, laptop computers,desktop computers, wireless access points, digital assistants) when thetag is physically proximate to those devices (e.g., within a range of awireless communication protocol such as ultra-wideband or Bluetooth).The devices 102 may determine the location (and/or other spatialparameter) of the tag 100 and display and/or report the location (and/orother spatial parameter) of the tag to a remote service.

One or more of the devices 102 may be associated with the owner of thetag. For example, one or more of the devices 102 may be the tag owner'sphone, digital assistant, laptop or desktop computer, tablet computer,or the like. In such cases, the devices 102 associated with the sameuser or owner as the tag 100 may directly display the location of thetag 100 to a user. In other cases, such as where the tag 100 (or anobject to which the tag is attached) is lost or misplaced outside of theuser's home, the devices 102 may be or include other devices that arenot owned or controlled by the user. For example, such devices mayinclude any device that receives signals from the tag or establishessome form of wireless communication with the tag, and can alsocommunicate with a server 104 (or any device associated with anetwork-accessible service) to report an encrypted, anonymized reportthat includes the location of the tag. Such devices may include phones,tablet computers, watches, or laptop computers of individuals who haveno relationship to the tag's owner. As used herein, an “owner” of a tagrefers to an individual or entity that controls, manages, supervises,operates, leases, owns, or otherwise exercises authority over a tag, andis not necessarily limited to an individual with legal ownership of thetag.

The tag itself may not be able to communicate directly to the server 104to report its location, and indeed, it may not even be aware of itslocation, as it may lack a GPS or other system for independentlydetermining its own absolute location. Devices that communicate with thetag 100, however, may be able to communicate to the server 104 to reportthe location of the tag 100. For example, devices such as phones,computers, and tablets may communicate with or otherwise detect thepresence of a tag, and those devices may report, on an anonymous basis,the tag's location (and optionally an identifier of the tag and anyother information, such as the time) to the server 104 (e.g., via anetwork 101). In addition to devices 102 reporting the locations oftags, the devices 102 themselves may act as tags and report their ownlocations to the server 104, and may report the locations of otherdevices 102 to the server 104 as well.

While FIG. 1 shows a few devices 102 and a single tag 100, this figuremay represent only a small segment of a significantly larger network oftags and devices. Indeed, due to the ubiquity of mobile phones, tabletcomputers, and the like, the overall device-location relay network maybe a dense, ad hoc or mesh-style network that can be used to track thelocation of many tags and devices. For example, in an urban environment,there may be hundreds of thousands or even millions of devices that cansecurely and anonymously report the positions and/or locations of tags.In this way, the devices and tags form a robust, multi-redundantdevice-location relay network that can continuously (and privately)monitor and update the locations of very many devices.

In some cases, the devices use their own locations as estimatedlocations of the tag. For example, if the device is able to connect tothe tag via Bluetooth, it may be assumed that the tag is within about 30feet of the device (or another distance, depending on the parameters ofthe Bluetooth communication). Thus, for example, the device may reportthe tag's location as an area centered about the user's device andhaving a radius that corresponds to the estimated range of the wirelesscommunication protocol used to communicate to the tag. In other cases,the device may determine or estimate the location of the tag withgreater accuracy. For example, the device may use time of flight (TOF),angle of arrival (AOA), time difference of arrival (TDOA) receivedsignal strength indication (RSSI), triangulation, synthetic aperture,and/or any other suitable technique, to determine a location of the tagrelative to the user's device. These localization techniques may useultra-wideband signals from the tag, which may allow the device tolocate the tag with a high degree of accuracy (e.g., to within one footof the tag's actual location). Techniques for determining the spatialparameters of a tag, such as a distance between a tag and anotherdevice, a position of the tag relative to another device, a location ofthe tag, and an orientation of the tag, are described in greater detailwith respect to FIGS. 2D-2E.

The location reports sent from the devices that detect the presence of atag may be encrypted using a public-private key encryption scheme(shown, for example, in FIGS. 2A-2C) to ensure that only the owner of atag can ultimately see the location of the tag. For example, if a tag islost, devices that happen to be nearby the tag—even if the devices arenot associated with the owner of the tag—may detect the tag and receivea public key from the tag (FIG. 2B). A device that detects the tag mayquery the server 104 to determine if that particular tag has beenreported lost. If so (or if the tag and/or device are configured to sendencrypted location reports even if the device is not reported as lost),the device may determine a location of the tag, encrypt the location ofthe tag (and optionally other information) using the public key, andsubmit the encrypted location report to the server 104 (FIG. 2B). Thedevice may also send information to the tag, such as a messageindicating that the tag has been reported as lost. This may cause thetag to change one or more aspects of its operation or to trigger one ofmultiple operational modes. For example, upon detecting that the tag hasbeen reported lost, the tag may change the frequency that it sends out abeacon (described below), change a message associated with itsnear-field wireless communications antenna, enter a power-saving mode,or alter some other function or operation of the tag.

An owner of the lost tag may query the server 104, using the public key,for any location reports encrypted using that public key (e.g., via anetwork 103, which may be the same network as the network 101 or adifferent network). If there are location reports associated with thepublic key, the owner may receive the encrypted location reports and usea private key to decrypt the location reports to determine the location(or estimated location) of the tag (FIG. 2C). The owner may then travelto the location and attempt to locate the tag and any object to whichthe tag is attached or associated (e.g., a backpack, laptop computer,coat, purse, etc.).

The tag may communicate with nearby devices by sending a periodicwireless beacon signal. The wireless beacon signal, which may betransmitted using a Bluetooth communication protocol, ultra-widebandcommunication protocol, or any other suitable protocol, may bedetectable by any device that is monitoring that protocol (e.g.,receiving communications via that protocol). The wireless beacon signal,also referred to herein simply as a “beacon signal” or “beacon,” may betransmitted at any suitable frequency, and the particular frequency maydepend at least in part on a mode of the tag. For example, when the tagis in an initialization mode or pairing mode, the beacon may betransmitted at a first frequency; when the tag is in a lost mode (e.g.,it has been reported to the device-location relay network as being lost,and that status has been provided to the tag), the beacon may betransmitted at a second frequency; and when the tag is in a normal ornon-lost mode, the beacon may be transmitted at a third frequency. Insome cases, the first frequency is greater than the second frequency,and the second frequency is greater than the third frequency. In othercases, the first and second frequencies are substantially equal, but aregreater than the third frequency. As one specific example, the firstfrequency may be one beacon signal per second (or more frequent), thesecond frequency may be between one beacon signal per minute and onebeacon signal per second, and the third frequency may be one beaconsignal per minute (or less frequent). As used herein, a beacon signalmay correspond to an advertising packet of a suitable communicationsprotocol, or any other suitable wireless data transmission packet orsignal.

The beacon may include the public key of the tag and optionally otherinformation such as a tag identifier, a last reported location, a timesince a last direct connection to another device, or the like. In somecases, the beacon and the optional additional information are sent toother devices using separate communications channels, protocols, or thelike. For example, a tag may send a beacon signal using anultra-wideband radio and send other information, such as the public key,via Bluetooth. Of course, other assignments of information types todifferent communications channels or protocols are also possible.

The wireless beacon signal may be configured to cause a device to send alocation report to the remote server. For example, a tag may transmit awireless beacon signal to an external device, such as a mobile phone,tablet or laptop computer, or the like. The tag may also transmit apublic encryption key to the device. The public encryption key may beincluded in the beacon signal, or provided to the device from the tagvia a different message or communication protocol. In response toreceiving the beacon signal, the device may determine a location of thewireless module based at least in part the wireless beacon signal (usinglocalization techniques such as those described herein). The device mayprepare an encrypted location report using the public encryption key,where the encrypted location report includes the location of thewireless module, and wirelessly transmit the encrypted location reportto a remote server (e.g., the server 104). In this way, the tag cancause location reports to be generated on an ongoing basis, such that anaccurate, up-to-date location of the tag is available to the tag'sowner.

The public-private key encryption scheme may include other techniques tohelp anonymize the tag and prevent efforts to track individuals orobjects. For example, the key pairs may iterate according to analgorithm, such that a tag does not always have the same public key(thus reducing the ability to track a tag by its public key).Alternatively or additionally, the tag may store multiple public keysthat can all be decrypted by the same private key, and it canperiodically change to a new one of the multiple public keys.

As described above, the tag may also include various systems that allowit to be more easily located once the owner is nearby (e.g., within awireless communication range that allows the tag and another device tocommunicate, such as 300 feet, 100 feet, 30 feet). For example, the tagmay include a speaker or other audible-output system. The owner of thetag may wirelessly command the tag (e.g., via Bluetooth and/orultra-wideband protocols) to produce an audible output, which the ownercan then use to find the tag. As another example, the tag may include anultra-wideband (UWB) radio, and an owner's device may also include oneor more UWB radios. The owner's device may be able to use a UWBlocalization signal emitted by the tag to estimate a position and/orlocation of the tag and/or guide the owner to the tag. For example, auser interface on the owner's device may display an arrow or otherindicator that points the user towards the location of the tag. Thearrow or other indicator may be a live view that continuously updatesbased on the position of the tag relative to the device, as well as theorientation of the device relative to the tag. FIGS. 140-141B, below,illustrate example user interfaces that visually direct a user to a tag.

Even if the tag is not lost, the device-location relay network may beused to provide other location services. For example, location reportsfor a tag may be provided by devices in proximity to the tag even whenthe tag is not lost. In a user's home, for example, the user's computer,phone, digital assistant, or any other suitable device(s) mayperiodically provide, to the server 104, location reports of the user'stag(s). Such reports may be used to allow a user to track the locationsof his or her objects over time, identify patterns or habits, and thelike. Similar location information and/or location reports may also beprovided for other devices associated with the user (e.g., the user'slaptop computer, phone, etc.). In this way, locations of many of auser's devices may be accessible to the user.

Localization of user's devices, such as phones, laptops, etc., may beachieved in various ways. For example, a tag may simply be attached tosuch devices, thus leveraging the tag's localization functionality totrack the location of the device to which it is attached. Alternativelyor additionally, devices may include built-in hardware that provides thesame or similar functionality as the tags described herein. Thus, evenwithout an attached external tag, a lost laptop, for example, may usethe same or similar systems and leverage the device-location relaynetwork to allow the laptop to be located in the same manner as the tagsdescribed herein. Example devices that may include the components and/orprovide the functionality of the tags described herein (but without thesame physical structure as the tags) include, without limitation, laptopcomputers, desktop computers, phones (e.g., mobile phones, conventionalcordless phones), tablet computers, watches, headphones, wearableelectronic devices, computer storage devices (e.g., USB drives, portablehard drives, memory cards, etc.), cameras, remote controls, toys,wireless car keys/key fobs, watches, flashlights, first aid equipment(e.g., automatic electronic defibrillators), cars, motorcycles, smarthome devices, head-mounted displays, and computer peripherals (e.g.,mice, trackpads, keyboards).

Tags may also be configured to interact with devices, such as mobilephones, to cause those devices to take certain actions. For example, atag may send an instruction, request, or other suitable communication toa device, and in response to receiving the instruction, request, orcommunication, the device may take an action such as displaying amessage on an associated display, sending an encrypted location report,or the like.

Tags may trigger remote devices to take various types of actions, andvarious types of conditions or events may cause the actions to betriggered. In some cases, a determination that a tag is within athreshold distance of a device causes the device to take a certainaction. For example, a tag and/or device (e.g., a mobile phone) maycooperate to determine a distance between the tag and device, asdescribed herein. If the distance satisfies a threshold (e.g., if thedevice is within a threshold distance of the tag), the tag may cause thedevice to take an action. The particular action that is to be taken bythe device may be specified by the tag. For example, in response to thedetermination that the distance threshold is satisfied, the tag mayinstruct the device to display a graphical object on the device'sscreen. As another example, in response to the determination that thedistance threshold is satisfied, the tag may instruct the device to sendor relay a message to another device or system. Specifically, the tagmay instruct the device to send a location report to a server (e.g., theserver 104), or to cause a message to be sent to the owner of the tag(e.g., a message indicating that the tag has been found and/or providinga location of the tag). The tag may cause devices to take other kinds ofactions as well, as described herein.

Instructions sent by a tag to a device may be acted upon by the device,or they may be ignored by the device. For example, a device's owner mayopt-in or opt-out of some or all instructions that originate from tags.Other settings, user preferences, or other criteria may also be used todetermine whether a device will respond to or take any actions based oninstructions received from a tag. In this way, users can select thedegree to which their devices respond to instructions from various tags.In some cases, a user may opt out of all tag-related communications.

In cases where the tag triggers a graphical object to be displayed on adevice's screen, the tag may send the content of the graphical object tothe device via one of the tag's available wireless communicationssystems. More particularly, the tag may store a message in its onboardmemory, and when a condition or event is satisfied (e.g., the tag anddevice are within a threshold distance), the tag may send the message tothe device. Upon receiving the message from the tag, the device maydisplay the message on a screen of the device. As a specific example,for a tag that is associated with an object such as a suitcase, the tagmay store a message with the request “You are near my suitcase—pleasereturn it to the airport lost-and-found for a reward.” The tag may alsoinstruct the device to prompt the device's user to take a photograph ofthe lost item (or the location where the tag is estimated to be), andrequest permission from the device's user to send the photograph to thetag's owner (e.g., via the device-location relay network). The tag mayalso send instructions to the device to cause the device show thelocation of the item or to display an option to initiate an augmentedreality application to assist the user of the device in locating thelost item. As another example, for a tag that is associated with a morestatic type of object such as a painting in a museum, the tag may store(and send to the device when appropriate) the message “You are near theMona Lisa—click here for directions to the world's most famouspainting.” The particular content of the message may be customized by anowner or operator of the tag.

In other cases, the content of messages may be stored on the device, andthe tag may send an identifier of the message to be displayed on thedevice. For example, the device may store a “lost item” message saying“You are near a lost item—please report to the nearest lost and found,”and the tag may send an instruction indicating that the device shoulddisplay the “lost item” message. Devices may store multiple messages,and the instructions from the tag may include a unique identifier of themessage to be displayed.

Tags may be configured to trigger actions on remote devices based onvarious different conditions or events. In the examples above, the tagscause devices to take actions (e.g., display graphical information, sendlocation reports) based on a device being within a certain proximity ofthe tag. Other example conditions or events include, for example, adevice being beyond a certain distance from a tag, a tag being movedfrom a stationary position, a battery level of the tag, or the like.

Further, the particular actions or events that a tag triggers on otherdevices, as well as the conditions that cause those actions to betriggered, may depend on a mode of operation or a status of the tag. Forexample, a tag that is in a “not lost” state or condition may not causenearby devices to display any information (though they may cause nearbydevices to send encrypted location reports). Thus, in response to adetermination that the tag is in a first mode (e.g., a “not lost) mode,the tag may not cause an external device to display a message (and maycause it to send encrypted location reports). If that tag istransitioned to a “lost” state or mode, however, the tag may attempt totrigger nearby devices to display a particular message (sent by the tag)to assist in the tag being returned. Thus, in response to adetermination that the tag is in a second mode (e.g., a “lost” mode),the tag may cause the external device to display a message and/orperform other possible actions, as described above. Alternatively oradditionally, when the tag is in the lost mode it may more frequentlyinstruct remote devices to send location reports.

The tag may also be configured to trigger actions on only a subset ofdevices in its wireless range. For example, a tag may only triggeractions for devices within a certain distance threshold, which may besmaller than the wireless range of the tag. In this way, the tag mayinstruct actions only on the select few devices that happen to get closeenough to the tag to be helpful. As another example, the tag may belimited to a certain number of actions for a given time window. Morespecifically, a tag may be limited to causing a “lost” message to appearon one device per minute. As yet another example, the tag may beconfigured to only trigger events on certain types of devices or deviceshaving certain authority. More specifically, a tag may be configured totrigger “lost” messages to appear only on devices that are verifiablycontrolled by a trusted source (e.g., police, airport employees, friendsor relatives of the tag owner, or the like). In some modes of operation,a tag may be configured to trigger certain actions on all device withwhich it can communicate (e.g., a broadcast).

The owner or operator of a tag may select exactly what actions a tagshould trigger on nearby devices, as well as the particular conditionsthat will cause the tag to trigger such actions. The owner or operatormay also tie certain actions and conditions to particular modes of thetag (e.g., a “lost” mode, a “not lost” mode, a “lost but do notbroadcast location or status” mode, a “low battery” mode). The tag maytherefore be highly customizable by the tag's owner, allowing the tag toperform a variety of possible functions and interact with other devicesin various user-selectable ways.

Due to the sensitive nature of location information of a user'spossessions, the instant system may use sophisticated encryption andprivacy schemes to ensure that unauthorized individuals cannot track thelocation of another person's property. FIGS. 2A-2C depict an examplepublic-private key encryption system that may be used to ensure theprivacy of a user's location data in the context of a device-locationrelay network. As shown in FIG. 2A, the tag 100 and a user's smartphone106 may execute an initialization process in which a public-private keypair is generated or otherwise accessed or obtained. A public key 200(represented as a lock) may be shared with the tag 100, and the user'ssmartphone 106 may store a private key 202.

Turning to FIG. 2B, and as described above, when the tag 100 is deployedto track the location of an object (e.g., a user's keys), the tag 100may communicate with other devices 102 to allow the other devices 102 tosend encrypted location reports to the server 104. More particularly,when the tag 100 and another device 102 are in sufficiently closeproximity for wireless communications (e.g., via Bluetooth and/or UWB),the tag 100 may communicate the public key 200 to the nearby device 102.As shown in FIG. 2B, three devices 102-1, 102-2, and 102-3 may be closeenough to the tag to communicate with the tag 100 (e.g., because aperson carrying them walked or travelled nearby the tag 100). When thedevice 102-1 communicates with the tag 100, the tag 100 may provide thedevice 102-1 with the public key 200. The device 102-1 may determine orestimate the location of the tag 100 using the device's own location(e.g., from a GPS onboard the device 102-1) and optionally one or morelocalization techniques that determine a position of the tag 100relative to the device 102-1 (e.g., a distance, azimuth, and elevationfrom the device 102-1 to the tag 100). The device 102-1 then uses thepublic key 200 to encrypt the location of the tag 100, optionally alongwith other information (e.g., a tag identifier, a time, etc.), into anencrypted location report 204-1. The encrypted location report 204-1 isthen provided to the server 104 via the network 101. The devices 102-2and 102-3 (as well as additional devices now shown in FIG. 2B) maylikewise encrypt location reports 204-2, 204-3, using the public key 200received from the tag 100, and send them to the server 104. (If the tag100 is in a location where wireless communication services areunavailable, the device 102 may store the encrypted location reports andupload them to the server 104 once service becomes available.)

Because the location reports 204 are encrypted using the public key 200of a public-private key pair, only an individual or device who possessesthe private key 202 can decrypt the location reports 204, thus helpingto maintain the security and privacy of the location of the user'sproperty. Further, the devices 102 may be configured to perform thereporting functions without alerting a user of the devices 102 that itis occurring. Thus, the device 102 of a person walking past a lostobject may send a location report for the lost object without its ownerever knowing that a lost object is nearby. Also, while the devices 102may be described herein as not associated with the owner of the tag 100,the same encryption and location reporting techniques may be used evenwhere some or all of the devices 102 are owned or controlled by theowner of the tag 100. For example, FIG. 2B may represent a user's homeenvironment, and the devices 102 may be devices within the user's home.For example, the device 102-1 may be the user's desktop computer, thedevice 102-2 may be a home automation system, and the device 102-3 maybe a laptop computer. These devices may transmit encrypted locationreports 204 to the server 104 so that the user can access the reports tofind a lost object in his or her home (or to perform otherlocation-based functions).

FIG. 2C illustrates how an authorized device (e.g., the device 106) mayaccess the location of the tag 100 from the encrypted location reports204. In particular, the device 106 may, at the command of a user orautomatically based on a triggering event or periodic update, query theserver 104 for location reports for the tag 100. This query may includesending the public key 200 from the device 106 to the server 104.Notably, the public key 200 may not be capable of decrypting thelocation reports, but can be used to identify which location reportswere encrypted using the public key 200.

In response to a query from the device 106, and optionally afterauthenticating that the device 106 is authorized to receive the locationreports, the server 104 provides the encrypted location reports 204 tothe device 106. The device may then use the private key 202 to decryptthe location reports 204 and read the reported locations of the tag 100(e.g., location A, location B, location C). The device 106 may show thereported locations on a map, and may provide directions to the reportedlocations from the user's current location. Further, if and when thedevice 106 is within range of a wireless communication protocol such asUWB, the device 106 may display a direction indicating interface thatleads the user directly to the tag 100 (e.g., with a directionindicating arrow overlaid on an image of the real-world environment). Anexample direction-indicating interface is described herein.

Other techniques may also be used to facilitate a user accessinglocation reports from the server 104. For example, in some cases, thedevice 106 may request and/or receive encrypted information from theserver 104, which may include the encrypted location reports 204, aswell as other encrypted location reports (e.g., of other tags), or otherencrypted information. Notably, the user will not be able to decryptlocation reports or information that was not originally encrypted usingthe user's public key, so any encrypted location reports that are notdecryptable by the user's private key remain encrypted and may bediscarded by the device 106. In cases where the device 106 receives moredata than just its location reports 204, the device 106 and/or theserver 104 may select the particular information that is sent to thedevice 106 in various ways. For example, the server 104 may send all ofthe encrypted location reports that are stored thereon, and any that arenot encrypted using the public key 200 may be discarded by the device106. In other cases, the server 104 selects a subset of its encryptedlocation reports to send to the device 106. For example, the subset maycorrespond to location reports that were created in a certain timewindow (e.g., the server 104 may send all encrypted location reportsthat were sent within 1 hour of when the tag 100 was last in directpeer-to-peer communications with the device 106), or the subset maycorrespond to location reports that were created in certain geographicregions associated with location reports (e.g., the server 104 may sendall encrypted location reports that were created in a state or citywhere the tag 100 was last in direct peer-to-peer communications withthe device 106). Other criteria or combinations of criteria are alsocontemplated.

As described herein, localization of a wirelessly locatable tag mayinclude the tag sending a signal to another device (e.g., a smartphone),allowing the other device to determine spatial parameters of the tag.Spatial parameters may include distances, orientations, positions,and/or locations.

As used herein, “distance” may refer to a measurement of how far aparttwo points (e.g., electronic devices, other objects, reference points,etc.) are from one another, and may refer to the length of the shortestpossible path through space between the two points.

As used herein, the term “orientation” may refer to an attitude orangular position of an electronic device (e.g., a tag) relative toanother electronic device (e.g., another tag or a smartphone), otherpoint of interest, or reference frame. Orientation may be designated interms of a rotation about one or more axes required to rotate from acurrent placement to a reference placement. Example measures oforientation may include Euler angles, Tait-Bryan angles (e.g., yaw,pitch, and roll), orientation vectors, orientation matrices, and thelike.

As used herein, “position” or “relative position” of an electronicdevice may refer to the positional relationship of the electronic devicein relation to another device, object, or reference point, and may beexpressed as the distance between two objects, in combination with adirection vector indicating a direction from one object to anotherobject.

As used herein, “location” may refer to a geographical point where anelectronic device, other object, or point of interest is positioned,such as a point on the Earth's surface or elsewhere, and may bedesignated in terms of a geographic coordinate system (e.g., latitudeand longitude) or in terms of a position relative to anothergeographical point or point of interest.

Broadly, wireless signals (e.g., radio frequency signals) sent betweentwo or more electronic devices, may be analyzed to determine spatialparameters. As used herein, “spatial parameters” may refer toinformation about the placement of an electronic device in the space itoccupies. Spatial parameters for an electronic device may include, butare not limited to, any combination of a distance between the electronicdevice and a point of interest (e.g., another device, an object, areference point, etc.), an orientation of the electronic device, and alocation of the electronic device. As used herein, “localization” mayrefer to determining one or more spatial parameters of an electronicdevice.

The wireless signals used to determine spatial parameters of electronicdevices may include ultra-wideband (UWB) signals. As used herein “UWBsignals” may refer to signals transmitted over a large portion of theradio spectrum (e.g., having a bandwidth greater than 500 MHz or greaterthan 20% of a center carrier frequency). Using UWB signals to performlocalization may be referred to herein as “UWB localization.”

Electronic devices, such as the wirelessly locatable tags describedherein (or other devices that incorporate the functionality of the tagsdescribed herein), may be configured as transmitting devices configuredto transmit UWB signals, receiving devices configured to detect UWBsignals, or both. Each device may include one or more antennas fortransmitting and/or detecting UWB signals. A UWB signal transmitted by atransmitting device propagates in all directions or in one or moredirections from a transmitting device, and the transmitted signal may bedetected by one or more receiving devices. UWB signals used to determinespatial parameters of electronic devices may be sent as pulses. As usedherein, a “pulse,” may refer to a rapid, transient change in theamplitude of a signal from a baseline value to a higher or lower value,followed by a rapid return to the baseline value.

Turning to FIG. 2D, as noted above, UWB signals (which may also bereferred to herein as beacon signals) may be used to determine adistance D between two electronic devices. In particular, UWB signalsmay be used to determine a distance between a receiving device (e.g., asmartphone) and a transmitting device 210 (e.g., a tag 100 as describedherein). As noted above, a distance between a receiving device and atransmitting device may refer to a measurement of how far apart thereceiving device and the transmitting device are from one another, andmay refer to the length of the shortest possible path through spacebetween the receiving device and the transmitting device.

The receiving device 206 a (or a device operably coupled to a receivingdevice) may analyze a UWB signal pulse detected by an antenna 208 of thereceiving device 206 a to determine the distance D between the receivingdevice 206 a and a transmitting device 210 that transmitted the UWBsignal pulse. In particular, the receiving device 206 a may determine atime of flight (TOF) of the UWB signal pulse and multiply the TOF by thepropagation speed of the signal pulse (e.g., the speed of light) todetermine or estimate the distance D between the transmitting device 210and the receiving device 206 a. As used herein, a UWB signal pulse maybe a beacon signal or a portion of a beacon signal.

The TOF may be determined by calculating the difference between thetransmission time (i.e., the time the signal was transmitted) and thetime the signal was detected (also called the time of arrival (TOA)).The transmission time may be included in the detected UWB signal pulse,sent as part of a separate transmission, or known as a result of apreviously performed synchronization process between the transmittingdevice 210 and the receiving device 206 a.

Using UWB signals for determining distance may provide numerousadvantages, including increased precision in determining TOA and/or TOF.As one example, UWB signals may have shorter wavelengths than othersignals, which may reduce the time range in which the signals can bedetected. This reduces errors in determining TOA and TOF, which resultsin more accurate distance estimation.

A single signal may be detected by multiple receiving devices and/ormultiple antennas of a single receiving device (e.g., a smartphone), andthe signal may be used as described above to determine distances betweenthe transmitting device 210 and each receiving device or antennas.Additionally, multiple signals from different transmitting devices(e.g., tags) may be detected by a single receiving device, and thesignals may be used as described above to determine distances betweenthe receiving device and each transmitting device.

As noted above, UWB signals may be used to determine an orientation ofan electronic device relative to a point of interest (e.g., anelectronic device, an object, a reference point, etc.). Turning to FIG.2E, UWB signals may be used to determine an orientation of a receivingdevice 206 b (e.g., a smartphone) relative to a transmitting device 210(e.g., tags 100). As used herein, the term “orientation” may refer to anattitude or angular position of an electronic device relative to anotherelectronic device, other point of interest, or reference frame.Orientation may be designated in terms of a rotation about one or moreaxes required to rotate from a current placement to a referenceplacement. Example measures of orientation may include Euler angles,Tait-Bryan angles (e.g., yaw, pitch, and roll), orientation vectors,orientation matrices, and the like. The orientation of an electronicdevice relative to a point of interest may also be thought of as adirection to the point of interest with respect to the electronicdevice.

The receiving device 206 b (or a device operably coupled to a receivingdevice) may analyze a UWB signal pulse detected by multiple antennas ofthe receiving device 206 b to determine an orientation of the receivingdevice 206 b relative to a transmitting device 210 (e.g., a tag 100)that transmitted the UWB signal pulse. As noted above, receiving devicesmay include multiple antennas. As one example, as shown in FIG. 2E, thereceiving device 206 b may include three or more antennas e.g., antennas208 a, 208 b, 208 c positioned on or within the receiving device 206 b.The receiving device 206 b may determine distances d1, d2, d3 betweeneach antenna and a transmitting device 210 as set forth above.Differences between the distances d1, d2, d3 may indicate theorientation of the receiving device 206 b relative to a transmittingdevice. Using the determined distances d1, d2, d3 and known separationdistances s1, s2, s3 between the antennas, a vector V extending from thereceiving device 206 b to the transmitting device 210 may be determined.The vector V may be expressed in terms of a distance between thereceiving device 206 and the transmitting device 210 and a direction ofthe vector V relative to a reference vector of the receiving device 206b (e.g., a vector normal to a plane shared by the three antennas or anyother vector that is fixed with respect to the three antennas). Thedirection of the vector V may describe the orientation of the receivingdevice 206 a relative to the transmitting device 210.

In some cases, the orientation of the receiving device 206 b relative tothe transmitting device 210 (or vice versa) may be determinedindependently of determining the distances d1, d2, d3. The receivingdevice 206 b may determine a direction from the receiving device 206 bto the transmitting device 210 (or from the transmitting device 210 tothe receiving device 206 b) by determining a time difference of arrival(TDOA) of the same UWB signal pulse to the three separate antennas 208a, 208 b, 208 c of the receiving device 206 b. The TDOA for a UWB signalpulse may be determined as the pairwise time difference between the timeof arrival of the signal at a first antenna (e.g., antenna 208 a) andthe time of arrival of the signal at a second antenna (e.g., antenna 208b). One or more pairwise time differences may be determined, and may beused to determine a direction from the receiving device 206 b to thetransmitting device 210, which, as noted above, may describe theorientation of the receiving device 206 b relative to the transmittingdevice 210. Other methods for determining direction and orientation mayalso be used, including triangulation, phase difference of arrival(PDOA), and hybrid TDOA/PDOA methods.

The distance between the receiving device 206 b and the transmittingdevice 210 and the relative orientation of the receiving device 206 bmay define a position of the receiving 206 b device relative to thetransmitting device 210. As used herein, “position” or “relativeposition” of an electronic device may refer to the positionalrelationship of the electronic device in relation to another device,object, or reference point, and may be expressed as the distance betweentwo objects, in combination with a direction vector indicating adirection from one object to another object (e.g., a distance between areceiving device 206 b and a transmitting device 210 and a directionvector indicating the direction from the receiving device 206 b to thetransmitting device 210). For example, the vector V of FIG. 2E mayrepresent a relative position of the transmitting device 210 and thereceiving device 206 b.

In various embodiments, information about electronic device(s) (e.g.,the spatial parameters discussed above) determined using UWBlocalization may be combined with other information from a variety ofsources to determine spatial parameters. An electronic device mayinclude and/or be operably coupled to one or more sensors or devices fordetermining spatial parameters or data that may be used to determinespatial parameters. Examples of sensors and devices includemagnetometers, gyroscopes, accelerometers, optical sensors, cameras,global positioning system (GPS) receivers, and the like.

As one example, an electronic device (e.g., a smartphone) may include orbe operably coupled to a GPS receiver configured to determine a locationof the electronic device. As noted above, as used herein, “location” mayrefer to a geographical point where an electronic device is positioned,such as a point on the Earth's surface or elsewhere, and may bedesignated in terms of a geographic coordinate system (e.g., latitudeand longitude) or in terms of a position relative to anothergeographical point or point of interest. The position of a transmittingdevice (e.g., tag) relative to a receiving device may be determinedusing UWB localization as discussed above. A location of thetransmitting device may be determined using a location of the receivingdevice determined using GPS and the position of the transmitting devicerelative to the receiving device determined using UWB localization.

As another example, an electronic device may include or be operablycoupled to a magnetometer or an accelerometer that may be used todetermine an orientation of the electronic device relative to the earth.For example, a magnetometer may be used to determine an orientation ofthe electronic device relative to magnetic north or another known sourceof magnetic flux. Similarly, an accelerometer may be used to determinean orientation of the electronic device relative to the direction ofgravitational acceleration (e.g., inward with respect to the earth'ssurface). A direction from the receiving device to the transmittingdevice relative to the receiving device may be determined using UWBlocalization as discussed above. The direction from the receiving deviceto the transmitting device relative to the earth or another known pointof interest may be determined by combining the orientation of theelectronic device relative to earth determined using a magnetometer oraccelerometer with the direction from the receiving device to thetransmitting device relative to the receiving device determined usingUWB localization.

In some cases, the same antenna(s) are used for transmitting anddetecting UWB signals. In some cases, the antenna(s) used fortransmitting UWB signals are different from the antenna(s) used fordetecting UWB signals. The antenna(s) may be operably coupled to one ormore transmitters, receivers, processing units, or the like that may beused to generate transmitted signals and/or process detected signals.

A location of the transmitting device 210 may also be determined by areceiving device 206 c by determining the distance between the receivingdevice 206 c and the transmitting device 210 when the receiving device206 c is at multiple different locations. This process triangulates thelocation of the transmitting device 210 without using multiple onboardantennas and TDOA analysis of a pulse from the transmitting device 210.FIG. 2F illustrates how the location of the transmitting device 210 isdetermined using this technique (which may be referred to as syntheticaperture).

As described above, the transmitting device 210 may emit a pulse (e.g.,a UWB signal pulse) that is detectable by an antenna 208 d, and thereceiving device 206 c may analyze the pulse (e.g., using TOF) todetermine the distance from the receiving device 206 c to thetransmitting device 210. As shown in FIG. 2F, in order to determine thelocation of the transmitting device, the receiving device 206 c maydetermine multiple distances (e.g., distances d4, d5, and d6) to thetransmitting device 210 when the receiving device 206 c is at multiplelocations (e.g., L1, L2, and L3). Because the location of the receivingdevice 206 c at locations L1, L2, and L3 is known (as determined by anonboard GPS, accelerometer(s), and/or other positioning systems) and thedistances between the receiving device 206 c and the transmitting device210 are also known, the receiving device 206 c can determine, usingtriangulation, the location L4 of the transmitting device 210. Further,using an onboard magnetometer, accelerometer, and/or other systems, thereceiving device 206 c can determine its orientation relative to thedetermined location of the transmitting device 210. The orientation ofthe receiving device 206 c relative to the transmitting device 210together with the location of the transmitting device 210 provides afull complement of spatial parameters of the transmitting device 210 tofacilitate the functionalities described herein.

With reference to the process described in FIG. 2F, the transmittingdevice's location may be determined once the receiving device 206 cdetermines at least three distance measurements between the receivingdevice 206 c and the transmitting device 210. In some cases, once thelocation of the transmitting device 210 is established using at leastthree distance measurements, the receiving device 206 c may perform moredistance measurements at additional locations of the receiving device206 c. These subsequent measurements may be used to refine and/or updatethe determined location of the transmitting device 210, or otherwise toimprove the accuracy of the location determination.

As noted above, a wirelessly locatable tag may take the form of a smalldevice that can be easily attached to objects such as keys, backpacks,purses, and the like. Broadly, the tag may have a small size (e.g.,having a diameter less than about 3 inches, less than about 2 inches,less than about 1 inch) that is rugged, water resistant (e.g., IP66,IP67, or IP68, according to international ingress protection standards),and portable. The tag may also have acoustic and haptic output systems,and optionally an input system (e.g., a button-like input). The tag mayalso include a battery that can be easily and conveniently replaced, andmay be sealed against water, dust, and other contaminants.

FIGS. 3A-3C depict an example wirelessly locatable tag 300 in accordancewith the ideas described herein. The tag 300 may be an embodiment of thetag 100, and may include any or all of the components and may provideany or all of the functionality of the tag 100 (or any other wirelesslylocatable tag or device described herein). For brevity such details maynot be repeated here.

FIG. 3A depicts a top view of the tag 300, FIG. 3B depicts a side viewof the tag 300 of FIG. 3A, and FIG. 3C depicts a side exploded view ofthe tag 300. As shown in FIG. 3C, the tag 300 may include main bodyportion 302, a removable bottom housing member 304, and a removableand/or replaceable battery 306. The bottom housing member 304, which mayalso be referred to as a battery door or battery cover, may be removedby pressing on the bottom housing member 304 and twisting it relative tothe main body portion 302, thereby disengaging one or more latches,clips, arms, or other mechanisms that hold the bottom housing member 304to the main body portion 302. Various configurations of housing membersand engagement mechanisms may be used to allow access to a batterycavity of the tag 300 so that a battery can be removed and replaced,while also ensuring that the battery cavity remains safely secured andsealed against ingress of debris, water, or other contaminants.Additional example configurations for securing housing members aredescribed herein. Together, the top and bottom housing members maydefine (or at least partially define) a housing of a tag (which may alsobe referred to as an enclosure).

The tag 300 may also define a housing gap 301 that facilitates attachingand retaining the tag 300 directly to other objects, such as backpacks,wallets, and purses, and/or to dedicated accessories that are adapted toreceive the tag 300. The housing gap 301 may be a gap or channel definedbetween the main body portion 302 and the bottom housing member (batterydoor) 304. The housing gap 301 may extend around a completecircumference of the tag 300, or it may extend only partially around thetag 300. Where a tag has a shape other than a circular shape, such as asquare shape, those tags may have a housing gap similar in appearanceand/or function to the housing gap 301 to facilitate attachment toaccessories. Housing gaps may also be formed between housing membersother than the main body portion and bottom housing member, as describedherein. In some cases, a housing gap may be defined by a single housingmember (e.g., a groove or recess formed into a main body portion).Accessories for attaching to a tag, and for attaching the tag to otherobjects, may include, for example, straps, key fobs, lanyards, belts,luggage tags, and the like. Some example accessories are describedherein with respect to FIGS. 69A-128 .

FIG. 4 depicts a cross-sectional view of an example wirelessly locatabletag 400. The tag 400 may be an embodiment of the tag 100 or the tag 300,and may include any or all of the components and may provide any or allof the functionality of the tag 100 (or any other wirelessly locatabletag or device described herein). An example of the various hardwareelements that may be included in the tag 400 is described below withrespect to FIG. 144 . For brevity such details may not be repeated here.

The tag 400 includes a top housing member 402, an audio system 404, anantenna assembly 406, a circuit board 408, a frame member 410, a battery416, and a bottom housing member 412 (which may also be referred to as abattery door). The top housing member 402, audio system 404, antennaassembly 406, circuit board 408, and frame member 410 may all be part ofor define a main body portion, such as the main body portion 302 (FIGS.3A-3C).

The top housing member 402 may define a top exterior surface of the tag400 and an interior surface opposite the top exterior surface. The tophousing member 402 may also define some or all of a side exteriorsurface of the tag 400, where the side exterior surface extends around aperiphery of the top exterior surface (as shown in greater detail withrespect to FIGS. 3A-3B). The bottom housing member 412, which may alsooperate as and be referred to as a battery door, may define a bottomexterior surface of the tag 400. As shown, the bottom housing member 412also defines part of the exterior side surface. The top and bottomhousing members 402, 412 may engage one another to define substantiallythe entire exterior surface of the tag 400, and may define asubstantially waterproof seal between the top and bottom housing members402, 412. The top and bottom housing members 402, 412 may also define aninterior volume of the tag 400.

The audio system 404 may be configured to produce audio outputs that canbe used to help a user locate the tag 400. For example, when a user isattempting to locate a lost tag 400 (and thus locate any object attachedto or associated with the lost tag), the user may use a smartphone towirelessly command the tag 400 to produce an audible sound such as abeeping or other audible tone (e.g., constant tone, song, etc.). Theuser can then attempt to find the tag 400 by listening for the audiblesound. The audio system 404 may be any suitable component or system forproducing sound, such as a voice coil speaker, a piezoelectric speaker,or the like. Example audio systems are described herein.

In some cases, the audio system 404 produces audio outputs by moving aportion of the top housing member 402 like a diaphragm or cone of aspeaker. For example, the audio system 404 or a portion thereof may beattached to the inside surface of the top housing member 402 to directlyapply forces on the top housing member 402 that cause the top housingmember 402 to flex, deform, or otherwise move to produce audio output.To facilitate movement of the top housing member 402, the top housingmember 402 may have a movable area or portion that is not fixed to othercomponents of the tag 400 or is not otherwise immobilized. The movablearea may be configured to allow or facilitate audio output in the rangeof about 100 Hz to about 10000 Hz. The audio system 404 may also beconfigured to produce haptic or tactile outputs by moving the movablearea of the top housing member 402. More particularly, because the audiosystem 404 can move the top housing member 402 to produce audio, theaudio system 404 may be operated to produce a haptic or tactile outputthat a user can feel with his or her hand or other body part. In somecases, haptic or tactile responses may be different from audibleoutputs, though haptic outputs may also be audible, and audible outputsmay be accompanied by tactilely detectable vibrations.

The antenna assembly 406 of the tag 400 may have one or more antennasattached to or otherwise integrated with an antenna frame of the antennaassembly 406. For example, the antenna assembly 406 may include separate(and/or shared) antennas for near-field wireless communicationsprotocols (e.g., ISO/IEC 14443, ISO/IEC 18092, ISO/IEC 21481), UWBprotocols, Bluetooth (e.g., IEEE 802.15), WiFi (e.g., IEEE 802.11),cellular protocols, or the like. In some cases, some or all of theantennas are integral to the antenna frame of the antenna assembly 406(e.g., a single, monolithic antenna frame component). For example,antennas may be insert molded with the material of the antenna frame ofthe antenna assembly 406 such that the antennas are at least partiallyembedded in the material of the antenna frame. In other cases, antennamaterial (e.g., metal) may be formed and/or applied using laser directstructuring, whereby a laser beam is directed onto the material of theantenna frame to form a region that is then metallized using a plating(e.g., electroplating) or other deposition operation. Other techniquesfor attaching or forming antennas onto the antenna assembly 406 may alsobe used. The antenna frame of the antenna assembly 406 may be formed ofor include a glass-fiber reinforced polymer or any other suitablematerial.

The circuit board 408 may include a substrate and may includeprocessors, memory, and other circuit elements that generally performthe electrical and/or computational functions of the tag 400. Thecircuit board 408 may also include conductors and/or electricalinterconnects that electrically couple the various electrical componentsof the tag 400. The circuit board 408 may also include or be coupled toa battery connector that contacts a battery or other power source forthe tag 400. The circuit board 408 may be attached to the antennaassembly 406 and/or the frame member 410 of the tag 400.

The frame member 410 may act as a support structure to which othercomponents of the tag 400 are attached. For example, the top housingmember 402, the antenna assembly 406, the audio system 404, the circuitboard 408, and the bottom housing member 412 may all be secured to theframe member 410. Accordingly, loads imparted to the device via thesecomponents may be fully or partially transferred to the frame member410. The frame member 410 may also define a battery recess that isconfigured to receive, support, and align the battery 416 inside thehousing of the tag 400. The frame member 410 may be formed of or includea tough, rigid material such as a polymer, fiber-reinforced polymer,metal, ceramic, or the like.

The particular configurations, positions, shapes, and integrationdetails of the components in FIG. 4 represent one example embodiment ofa tag. It will be understood that other embodiments of tags may haveconfigurations, positions, shapes, and integration details that differfrom what is shown in FIG. 4 while still providing the same or similarfunctions as the tag 400.

FIG. 5A depicts an example wirelessly locatable tag 500, and FIG. 5Bdepicts a cross-sectional view of the tag 500 as viewed along line A-Ain FIG. 5A. The tag 500 may be an embodiment of the tag 100, and mayinclude any or all of the components and may provide any or all of thefunctionality of the tag 100 (or any other wirelessly locatable tag ordevice described herein). An example of the various hardware elementsthat may be included in the tag 500 is described below with respect toFIG. 144 . For brevity such details may not be repeated here.

As shown in FIG. 5B, the tag 500 includes a top housing member 502 (alsoreferred to herein as an upper housing member) and a bottom housingmember 516 (also referred to herein as a lower housing member), whichtogether may form at least part of an enclosure of the tag. The top andbottom housing members 502, 516 may enclose or house components of thetag 500, as described herein.

The top housing member 502 may define a top exterior surface 501 of thetag 500. The top exterior surface 501 of the tag 500 may be an unbroken,seamless surface. For example, the entire top exterior surface 501 ofthe tag 500 may be defined by a single, unitary piece of material(uninterrupted by displays, buttons, openings, additional housingcomponents, or the like). Accordingly, the top housing member 502 maydefine an entirety of the top exterior surface of the tag 500, and maybe defined by a unitary structure (e.g., a unitary or single-piecepolymer structure). The top housing member 502 may also define aperipheral side wall 519 defining a peripheral side surface of the tag500.

Further, as described herein, a portion of the top housing member 502that defines the top exterior surface 501 may act as a diaphragm of anaudio system that produces audible and/or haptic outputs. For example,an audio system may move a portion of the top housing member 502 so thatthe moved portion of the top housing member 502 produces the pressurewaves that correspond to the audible output. As noted above, the motionof the top housing member 502 may also be used to produce hapticoutputs.

In some cases, substantially the entire exterior of the tag 500 may bedefined by two components, the top housing member 502 and the bottomhousing member 516. In such cases, the tag 500 may lack features such asdisplays (and associated housing components such as transparent covers),speaker/microphone openings, buttons, lenses, light sources, and thelike. While some tag embodiments may include such components,embodiments that lack them may have better environmental sealing andenergy efficiency, may be cheaper to manufacture, and may be simpler touse as compared to devices that include such features or components.

The top exterior surface 501 may also define some or all of a sideexterior surface 503 that extends around a periphery of the top exteriorsurface 501. The side exterior surface 503 may have any suitable shapeor profile, such as a continuously curved profile (in cross-section), ora curved portion. FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate an embodiment in which at leasta portion of the top exterior surface 501 is curved (e.g., the portionthat is proximate an edge where the top exterior surface 501 meets theside exterior surface 503). FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate an embodiment inwhich the side exterior surface 503 has a cross-sectional shape with aflat side. The bottom housing member 516 may define a bottom exteriorsurface 505 of the tag 500. The bottom housing member 516 may beremovable from the remainder of the tag 500 to facilitate removal andreplacement of a battery 514. The bottom housing member 516 may also bereferred to as a battery door. The battery 514 may be any suitable typeof battery, such as a button cell battery.

The tag 500 may also include an antenna assembly 508. The antennaassembly 508 may have one or more antennas attached to or otherwiseintegrated therewith. For example, the antenna assembly 508 may includeseparate (and/or shared) antennas for near-field wireless communicationsprotocols, UWB protocols, Bluetooth, WiFi, cellular protocols, or thelike. In some cases, some or all of the antennas are integral to theantenna frame of the antenna assembly. Additional details of antennaassemblies and associated antennas are described herein.

The antenna assembly 508 may act as a structural support for at least aportion of the top housing member 502. For example, a support portion511 of the antenna assembly 508 (which may be considered a portion orsurface of a peripheral support flange 523) may contact a portion of aninterior surface of the top housing member 502. In some cases, thesupport portion 511 of the antenna assembly 508 may be attached to thebottom or inner surface of the top housing member 502 using adhesive,fasteners, mechanical features, or any other suitable mechanism. Inother cases, the support portion 511 contacts but is not bonded to thetop housing member 502. The support portion 511 may extend completelyaround the antenna assembly 508, defining a continuous, ring-shapedsupport portion 511 that defines an upper-most (e.g., top) surface ofthe antenna assembly 508. In other implementations the support portion511 may include multiple non-continuous segments that extend from theantenna assembly 508 to contact the top housing member 502.

At least a portion of the top housing member 502 may be set apart fromthe antenna assembly 508 by a gap, such as the gap 509. The gap 509 maybe defined in part by the support portion 511. More specifically, thegap 509 may be defined at least in part by a portion of the antennaassembly 508 that is recessed relative to the top surface of the supportportion 511.

The gap 509 may allow the portion of the top housing member 502 to bemoved to produce haptic and audio outputs without the antenna assembly508 interfering with the audible or haptic output. In some cases, thesize of the gap is greater than a maximum target deflection of the tophousing member 502 during audible and/or haptic outputs. Thus, forexample, if the tag 500 is configured to produce audio and/or hapticoutputs having a certain characteristic (e.g., a maximum or targetamplitude, volume, frequency, or other property), the size of the gap509 may be selected to be greater than the deflection of the top housingmember 502 that results from those audible and/or haptic outputs. Insome cases, the maximum size of the gap 509 (e.g., the distance betweenthe topmost surface of the antenna assembly 508 and the bottom surfaceof the top housing member 502) may be less than or equal to about 500microns, 400 microns, 300 microns, 200 microns, 100 microns, 50 microns.

The antenna assembly 508 may also act as a structural support for thetag 500 and the components within the tag 500. More particularly, theantenna assembly 508 may be formed of materials, have a particularshape, and interact with other structural components to define a mainload-bearing structure of the tag 500. For example, the tag 500 mayinclude components that may be sensitive to loads, deflection, movement,shock, or the like. Such components may include a circuit board 510,solder joints between the circuit board 510 and other components (e.g.,antennas, battery contacts, speakers and/or audio systems, sensors,haptic actuators, or the like). Such components may be relativelydelicate, and may not be structurally capable of withstanding directapplications of forces from normal use of the tag 500 (including, forexample, drops, impacts, or the like that may occur during normal use).In order to protect these components, they may be coupled to and/orprotected by the antenna assembly 508, alone or in conjunction withother components of the device.

For example, as shown in FIG. 5B, the circuit board 510 may be mountedto or otherwise in contact with the antenna assembly 508, and may bemounted such that it does not contact either the top or bottom housingmembers 502, 516, thereby isolating the circuit board 510 from directforce application via the top or bottom housing members 502, 516 (e.g.,from the tag 500 being dropped, squeezed, impacted, or the like). Thecircuit board 510 may be mounted to the antenna assembly 508 using anadhesive (e.g., temperature sensitive adhesive, heat sensitiveadhesive), fasteners, clips, heat stakes, rivets, or any other suitablemechanism or technique.

The antenna assembly 508 (e.g., a peripheral support flange 523 of theantenna assembly 508) contacts a frame member 512 at an interface 521and defines a recessed region or cavity on one side of the antennaassembly 508 in which the circuit board 510 may be positioned. Theperipheral support flange 523 may at least partially surround an outerperiphery of the circuit board 510, as shown in FIG. 5B. The recessedregion or cavity of the antenna assembly 508 (which may be surround ordefined at least in part by the peripheral support flange 523) may bereferred to herein as a circuit board cavity.

The peripheral support flange 523, through the interface 521, defines aload path from the antenna assembly 508 to the frame member 512. In thisway, forces applied to the tag 500 may be directed through the antennaassembly 508 and the frame member 512 and not applied to the circuitboard 510. More broadly, the antenna assembly 508 (and in particular thetop wall of the antenna assembly 508 and the peripheral support flange523) may form a protective support and/or partial shell around thecircuit board 510. As one specific example, if a force is applied to thetop exterior surface 501 of the tag 500 (e.g., while the bottom exteriorsurface 505 is on a table or other surface), the force may be directedthrough the top housing member 502, through the antenna assembly 508(e.g., the peripheral support flange 523), through the frame member 512,and into the bottom housing member 516. In this way, the force may bedirected around the circuit board 510 to reduce or eliminate anydeflection or deformation of the circuit board 510 or its components orconnections. Further, the peripheral support flange 523 may be attachedto the frame member 512 at the interface 521 (as well as at otherinterfaces), thereby defining an at least partially enclosed volume inwhich the circuit board 510 (among other possible components) ispositioned. Such interfaces may be sealed with sealing members,adhesives, glue, O-rings, or other components, thereby sealing the atleast partially enclosed volume along those interfaces.

FIG. 5B also depicts an audio system that includes a coil 504 coupled toa top housing member 502. The coil 504 may be proximate a magnetassembly 506. When a signal is applied to the coil 504 (which is in amagnetic field produced by the magnet assembly 506), Lorentz forces maybe produced which, in turn, cause the top housing member 502 to move,oscillate, vibrate, or otherwise produce an audible and optionallytactile output. In some cases, the top housing member 502 locallydeflects or deforms to produce the audible and/or tactile output.Appropriate clearances may be provided between the top housing member502 and an antenna assembly 508 to allow the top housing member 502 tomove a distance and in a manner that is sufficient to produce the targetaudio and/or tactile output, as described above. Other types of audiosystems may be used instead of or in addition to the audio system shownin FIGS. 5A-5B, such as piezoelectric elements, a ported speaker module,or the like.

The tag 500 may also include a hard-stop 520, or travel limiting member,that limits deflection of the top housing member 502. The hard-stop 520may reduce the perception of flexibility of the top housing member 502by limiting the distance that the top housing member 502 can move whenpressed by a user. In particular, while movement of the top housingmember 502 may be necessary for producing audible and haptic outputs,and optionally to detect inputs, the flexibility of the top housingmember 502 that is necessary to facilitate such outputs and inputs maydecrease the physical sensation of quality and structural integrity ofthe tag 500 as a whole. By limiting the distance that the top housingmember 502 can move towards the antenna assembly 508 below a threshold,users may not tactilely perceive the flexibility of the top housingmember 502 to the extent that they would if the top housing member 502were not so limited. Accordingly, the maximum distance of the gapbetween the topmost surface of the hard-stop 520 and the bottom surfaceof the top housing member 502 may be less than or equal to about 500microns, 400 microns, 300 microns, 200 microns, 100 microns, or 50microns. This distance may be sufficient to allow the audio system(which includes and/or is defined by the coil 504 and the magnetassembly 506) to produce audible and/or haptic outputs, as well as toallow the detection of inputs, while also providing a tactile sensationthat the top housing member 502 is rigid or substantially non-movable.

In some cases, the audio system may act as an input system (e.g., abutton) in addition to acting as an audible and haptic output system.For example, deflections of the top housing member 502 (above the coil504 and magnet assembly 506) may result in movement of the coil 504 inthe magnetic field of the magnet assembly 506, thereby causing adetectable current to flow in the coil. This may be used to trigger thetag 500 to take some action (e.g., enter an initialization mode, ceasean audio output, enter a “found” mode, etc.). In some cases, a separatesensor or switch (e.g., a force sensor, a dome switch) may be used todetect inputs to the device. For example, a sensor or switch may detectdeflection or deformation of the top housing member 502 as a result of auser pressing on or squeezing the tag. The gap between the hard-stop 520and the bottom surface of the top housing member 502 may be sufficientto facilitate the detection of an input force applied to the top housingmember 502. Where a dome switch or other type of mechanical orelectromechanical switch component is used (instead of or in addition tousing an audio system as an input system), it may be positioned betweenthe top housing member 502 and an underlying frame member, or in anysuitable gap (between any two components) that can be reduced in size bya user to provide an input.

Wirelessly locatable tags may also use other types of input devices orsystems to detect user inputs. For example, tags may includeaccelerometers or other motion-sensing systems. In such cases, users canmove or manipulate the tags in certain ways to provide inputs to thetags, such as shaking the tag, tapping the tag, sliding the tag, or thelike. The tag may be configured to respond to individual instances ofsuch motions (e.g., a single tap or a single shake), or to particularpatterns of motions (e.g., multiple taps within a predetermined timewindow, a tap followed by a shake followed by another tap).

As another example, the tag may include movable components or members(other than or in addition to a deformable top housing member, asdescribed above) that can be manipulated (e.g., pushed, squeezed,pressed) by a user to provide an input. For example, the tag may includea mechanical button that can be pressed to provide an input. As anotherexample, a battery door may be movable such that a user can push thebattery door like a button. The battery door may be biased in anundepressed position by a spring member, and a sensor may determine whenthe battery door is depressed. The biasing and sensing functions may beprovided by any suitable mechanisms. For example, dome switches (e.g.,tactile dome switches) may be used to provide both biasing and sensingfunctions to the battery door. In other cases, a spring may act as abiasing member, and sensing functions may be provided by opticalsensors, capacitive sensors, Hall effect sensors, or the like. Thebiasing force that maintains the battery door in an undepressed positionmay be provided by a compliant member that also biases a battery into abattery cavity of a tag, such as the compliant member 518 (describedherein).

Tags may also include force sensors that detect an input upon detectinga force, applied to an exterior surface of the tag, that satisfies athreshold force. For example, a force sensor may be positioned betweentwo components (e.g., a top housing member and a frame member, a bottomhousing member and a battery, etc.), and a squeezing or pressing forceapplied to the tag may deform the tag and thus the force sensor. Whenthe tag detects a threshold level of force, it may register the force asan input to the tag.

Upon detecting an input to the tag, via the input described herein orany other suitable input mechanism, the tag may perform some action. Forexample, upon detecting an input, the tag may enter an initializationmode or begin an initialization process. As another example, upondetecting an input, the tag may change from a “lost” operating mode to a“found” operating mode (which may include changing a beacon frequency,as described herein, causing a message to be sent to a host serviceupdating a status of the tag to “found”, or the like). As yet anotherexample, upon detecting the input, the tag may produce an output thatprovides some information about the device (e.g., an audible tone orvisual output indicating information such as a battery charge state). Asyet another example, upon detecting the input, the tag may produce anaudio output (or if the tag has a display, a graphical output) providinginstructions on how the tag is to be handled if found (e.g., “pleasecall owner at this number” or “please contact police”). Other types ofactions in response to detecting an input are also contemplated.

As noted above, the tag 500 includes a circuit board 510. The circuitboard 510 may include a substrate (e.g., a printed circuit boardsubstrate) with electrical components coupled thereto. Exampleelectrical components include, for example, processors, memory, sensors(e.g., temperature sensors, accelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes,optical sensors, microphones, pressure sensors, barometric sensors, orthe like), conductive elements (e.g., conductive traces), and the like.A battery connector may be conductively coupled to the circuit board 510and configured to conductively couple to a battery of the tag 500 toprovide electrical power to the electronic components of the tag 500.

The bottom housing member 516 may be removable from the top housingmember 502 to facilitate removal and replacement of the battery 514. Thebottom housing member 516 may be removably coupled to the tag via alatching or other engagement system that prevents or inhibitsunintentional removal of the bottom housing member 516. For example, inorder to ensure that the battery 514 does not unintentionally fall outof the tag 500 and is not easily accessible to children, the bottomhousing member 516 may require a press-and-twist motion, as describedwith respect to FIGS. 3A-3C. Various example mechanisms for securing thebottom housing member 516 (also referred to as a battery door) to thetag 500 are described herein with reference to FIGS. 12A-12C and14A-25C. The bottom housing member 516 may be removably coupled to thetag 500 by engaging with latching features of the top housing member502, a frame member 512, or any other suitable component(s) of the tag500.

The tag 500 may also include a compliant member 518 between the bottomhousing member 516 and the battery 514 to bias the battery 514 into thebattery cavity of the tag 500 and against the battery connector thatelectrically couples the battery 514 to the electrical components of thetag 500. The compliant member 518 may be or may include a spring (e.g.,a leaf spring, a coil spring), a polymer (e.g., a foam or elastomerpad), or any other suitable compliant member that biases the batterytowards the tag 500. The compliant member 518 may also help latch orotherwise bias the bottom housing member 516 in a locked or engagedstate (e.g., by forcing the latch member against or otherwise intoengagement with an engagement feature). For example, as describedherein, the bottom housing member 516 and the frame member 512 mayinclude complementary engagement features, and the compliant member 518may bias the engagement features against and/or into engagement witheach other in a manner that prevents or limits removal of the bottomhousing member 516 (at least without manipulating the bottom housingmember 516 in a specific manner.

FIG. 6 depicts an exploded view of the tag 500, showing another view ofthe components of the tag 500 and their arrangement. As shown in FIG. 6, the frame member 512 may include latch members 600 that engage theantenna assembly 508 to retain the frame member 512 to the antennaassembly 508. In some cases, the latch members 600 are positioned on theantenna assembly 508 and engage the frame member 512. The bottom housingmember 516 may also include latch members 602 that engage the framemember 512 to removably couple the bottom housing member 516 to theframe member 512. The configurations and locations of the latch members600 and 602 in FIG. 6 are merely examples, and other configurations andlocations are also contemplated.

FIG. 7 depicts a detail view of a portion of the wirelessly locatabletag 500, corresponding to detail A-A in FIG. 5B. FIG. 7 shows interfacesbetween the top housing member 502, the bottom housing member 516, andthe frame member 512. A first sealing member 702 may seal a joint orinterface between the top housing member 502 and the frame member 512. Asecond sealing member 708 may seal a joint or interface between thebottom housing member 516 and the frame member 512. The first and secondsealing members 702, 708 may be defined by different segments of asingle piece of material that is co-molded or insert molded onto theframe member 512. In such cases, the first and second sealing members702, 708 may be connected by a bridge segment that extends from thefirst sealing member 702 to the second sealing member 708. The bridgesegment may be positioned in a channel along an interior side of theframe member 512 such that the bridge segment is not exposed along theexterior of the tag 500. In other example implementations, the first andsecond sealing members 702, 708 may be separate from one another (e.g.,not joined by a bridge segment).

The first and second sealing members 702, 708 may form a substantiallywaterproof seal between the components with which they interface. Thefirst and second sealing members 702, 708 may be formed from or includeany suitable material, such as a compliant polymer material (e.g., anelastomer or foam). As noted, the first and second sealing members 702,708 may be molded against the frame member 512 such that both the firstand second sealing members 702, 708 bond to or are otherwise affixed tothe frame member 512. In other cases, the first and second sealingmembers 702, 708 are molded or formed separately from the frame member512 and then attached to the frame member 512 using an adhesive,ultrasonic welding, or any other suitable technique.

The top housing member 502 and the frame member 512 may be configured toremain attached to one another during normal operations (e.g., they maynot be removably coupled, and detaching them from one another may damagethe top housing member 502, the frame member 512, or both). Accordingly,the first sealing member 702 need not be configured to allow motionbetween the top housing member 502 and the frame member 512. Bycontrast, the bottom housing member 516 may be configured to be detachedfrom the frame member 512 to provide access to the battery cavity (e.g.,for replacing the battery). Accordingly, the second sealing member 708may include a projecting portion 706 that is configured to contact andslide along a surface of the bottom housing member 516 when the bottomhousing member 516 is attached to and detached from the frame member512. The projecting portion 706 may have a triangular cross section thattapers or narrows along the length of the projecting portion 706 towardsthe free end. This shape may reduce the amount of force required tocompress the second sealing member 708 (as compared to other shapes,such as circular cross-sectional shapes), thereby forming a waterproofseal while producing less force on the bottom housing member 516 duringattachment and detachment than a differently shaped sealing member(e.g., one with a circular cross-section).

The tag 500 may also include a barometric vent to allow air to pass intoand out of the tag 500 to allow pressure equalization between theambient environment and the internal volume within the tag 500 (and toallow an optional barometric sensor or pressure sensor within the tag500 to be exposed to the ambient pressure conditions exterior to the tag500). The barometric vent may include or be defined by a passage 704 (oropening) that fluidly couples the external or ambient environment aroundthe tag 500 to the internal volume of the tag 500, as well as awaterproof, air-permeable membrane 712 to prevent water ingress throughthe barometric vent while still allowing air to pass through to allowpressure equalization. The air-permeable membrane 712 may be positionedbetween a surface of the bottom housing member 516 and a flange portion714 of the compliant member 518. The flange portion 714 may help to holdthe membrane 712 in position and prevent it from moving or detachingwhen air or water pressure is applied to the membrane 712. The flangeportion 714 may define an opening 710 that aligns with the passage 704or is otherwise configured to allow air to pass through to facilitatepressure equalization. As shown, the flange portion 714 is an integralpart of the compliant member 518 (which may be a unitary metal member),though in other implementations the flange portion 714 may be replacedwith another bracket, backing, plate, or other component. The barometricvent may also include other components such as screens, additionalmembranes, fasteners, adhesives, and the like.

The barometric vent fluidly couples the ambient environment of the tag500 with the battery cavity of the tag 500. The battery cavity may befluidly coupled to the rest of the internal volume of the tag 500 suchthat the barometric vent is sufficient to allow pressure equalizationbetween the ambient environment and the entire (or substantially entire)internal volume of the tag 500. In some cases, the frame member 512defines openings for contacts of a battery connector to extend into thebattery cavity from another area of the internal volume, and theseopenings may also allow air flow between the battery cavity and otherinternal areas of the tag 500. In this way, only one barometric vent isnecessary to allow pressure equalization to the entire tag 500.

As described elsewhere herein, the bottom housing member 516 may definea flange or lip 716 that extends circumferentially around the bottomhousing member 516 and defines one side of a housing gap 718. (The framemember 512 may define an opposite side of the housing gap 718). Theflange or lip 716, and the housing gap 718 more generally, may be usedto attach the tag 500 to an accessory, as described herein with respectto FIGS. 69A-128 , for example.

FIG. 8A depicts the antenna assembly 508 of the tag 500. The antennaassembly 508 may include one or more antennas 804, 806, 808 embedded inor otherwise attached to an antenna frame 802. The antenna frame 802 maybe a polymer (e.g., a liquid crystal polymer, fiber-reinforced polymer)or any other suitable material, and the antennas 804, 806, 808 may bemetal (or another suitable conductive material). In some cases, theantenna assembly 508 may be formed using insert molding techniques. Forexample, the antennas may be formed and then inserted into a mold, afterwhich the polymer for the antenna frame 802 may be injected into themold to at least partially encapsulate and interlock with (or otherwiseretain) the antennas to the antenna frame 802. As another example, theantennas may be conductive tapes or films that are adhered or otherwiseattached to the antenna frame 802. As another example, the antennas maybe formed using laser direct structuring (LDS). In one example LDSprocess, the polymer material of the antenna frame 802 may be doped witha metallic material (or other suitable dopant), and a laser may beapplied to the component to form regions where the metallic material ordopant is exposed or otherwise activated. These regions may then bemetallized using a plating process in which the plating metal adheres toand/or grows on the laser-treated regions. In this way, the shapes ofthe antennas can be defined by the laser process, and the resultingantennas may be easily plated on the antenna frame 802 in the targetshape and configuration. In other cases, the antennas may be formedand/or integrated with the antenna frame 802 in other ways. For example,antennas may be plated on the antenna frame 802, attached to the antennaframe 802 using an adhesive, fastener, or any other suitable attachmenttechnique. Further, the laser process may remove some of the material ofthe antenna frame 802, thus forming recesses (which may be microscopicin size) in which the antenna material is deposited or grown. Depositingor growing the material of the antennas in the recesses may result inthe antennas being at least partially embedded in the material of theantenna frame 802.

The antenna assembly 508 may include any number of antennas. As shown,the antenna assembly 508 includes a near-field wireless communicationsantenna 804, a UWB antenna 806, and a Bluetooth antenna 808. Eachantenna may be tuned to communicate at certain frequencies and/orotherwise comply with applicable communications protocols and/orstandards. More generally, an antenna assembly may include multipleantennas, with each antenna configured to communicate via a differentwireless communications protocol. For example, a first antenna maycommunicate (including by transmitting a wireless signal) via a firstwireless protocol, a second antenna may communicate (including bytransmitting a wireless signal) via a second wireless protocol, and athird antenna may communicate (including by transmitting a wirelesssignal) via a third wireless protocol. More or fewer antennas may alsobe embedded in or otherwise attached to an antenna frame.

The near-field wireless communications antenna 804 may be configured forany suitable type or protocol of near-field wireless communications,including but not limited to near-field communications (NFC) protocols,radio frequency identification (RFID) protocols, or any other suitabletype or protocol. The near-field wireless communications antenna 804 maybe a loop antenna, and may include a flat coil of conductive material.The coil may include four turns of coil, or any other suitable number ofturns.

In some cases, the near-field wireless communications antenna 804 isconfigured to cause nearby devices to display information. For example,a person may bring a phone, watch, tablet computer, or other devicenearby the tag 500 (either intentionally or unintentionally), therebyestablishing a communication link between the tag 500 and the person'sdevice. The communication link may cause the person's device to displayvarious types of information or take other actions. For example, theperson's device may receive information, via the near-field wirelesscommunications antenna 804, stating whether or not the tag 500 has beenreported lost, information about how to handle the tag 500 (or object towhich the tag is attached), information about how to contact the ownerof the tag 500, or the like. The near-field wireless communicationsantenna 804 may also be used to initiate an initialization processbetween the tag 500 and another device. Other information may becommunicated, or actions triggered, via the near-field wirelesscommunications antenna 804.

The UWB antenna 806 may be configured to communicate using anultra-wideband protocol, and may be part of a UWB radio system of thetag 500. The UWB antenna 806 may be configured to communicate in afrequency range from about 6.25 GHz to about 8.25 GHz. The UWB antenna806 may be configured as an inverted-F antenna. The tag 500 may includea feed line 812 and a ground line 810 electrically coupled to the UWBantenna 806 to allow radio circuitry associated with the UWB antenna 806to send and receive electromagnetic signals via the UWB antenna 806. Theground line 810 may be conductively coupled to an electrical groundplane of the tag.

The dimensions of the UWB antenna 806 and the locations of the feed andground lines 812, 810 may determine the tuning of the antenna, such asthe frequency range over which the antenna may communicate, as well asthe bandwidth of the antenna. The feed and ground lines 812, 810 may beattached to vias that extend through the antenna frame 802 of theantenna assembly 508 and are conductively coupled to the circuit board510 to conductively couple the UWB antenna 806 to radio circuitry on thecircuit board 510.

In some cases, a greater the height of the UWB antenna 806 correspondsto a greater bandwidth. Accordingly, the UWB antenna 806 may have aheight that is 90% or greater of the height of a peripheral side surfaceof the antenna assembly 508. The height may be 95% or greater, 98% orgreater, or 100% of the height of the peripheral side surface of theantenna assembly 508. Other heights are also contemplated.

The Bluetooth antenna 808 may be configured to facilitate communicationsusing a Bluetooth protocol, such as Bluetooth Low Energy or any othersuitable Bluetooth protocol or standard. The Bluetooth antenna 808 maybe configured as an inverted-F antenna, and may include feed and groundlines similar to those described with respect to the UWB antenna 806.(The feed and ground lines of the Bluetooth antenna 808 may be connectedto the circuit board 510 using vias similar to those described withrespect to the UWB antenna 806. The Bluetooth antenna 808 and the UWBantenna 806 may be used for different functions. For example, theBluetooth antenna 808 may be used primarily for communicatinginformation between a tag and another device (e.g., a smartphone), whilethe UWB antenna 806 may be used primarily for sending localizationsignals to another device. Localization signals may be used to determinespatial parameters of a tag. Of course, the antennas 806, 808 may beused for different functions or combinations of functions. For example,the UWB antenna 806 may be used to communicate data or other informationor signals to other devices instead of or in addition to the Bluetoothantenna 808.

The UWB antenna 806 and the Bluetooth antenna 808 may be positioned onan outer peripheral side surface of the antenna assembly 508. Thispositioning of the antennas helps maximize the distance between theradiating structures of the antennas and other conductive componentswithin the tag 500. For example, capacitive coupling between theantennas and conductive components on the circuit board 510, the battery514, or other metal or conductive objects may negatively impact theoperation of the antennas. Accordingly, positioning the antennas on theouter peripheral side surface of the antenna assembly 508 (which may becircular) maximizes the distance between the antennas and otherconductive components, thereby providing superior antenna performance.Positioning the antennas on the outer peripheral side surface may alsoposition the antennas past the outer perimeter of the battery 514,thereby mitigating shielding and/or blocking effects of the battery 514.

Further, the UWB antenna 806 and the Bluetooth antenna 808 may bepositioned on opposite sides of the antenna frame 802 (e.g., antipodallypositioned about the substantially circular or cylindrical outerperipheral side). This configuration provides the maximum possibledistance between the antennas with them both being on the same carrier.This arrangement may help mitigate interference or other deleteriouseffects that may occur if the antennas are close together.

Further, the UWB antenna 806 and the Bluetooth antenna 808 may havedifferent lengths. For example, each antenna may be configured tocommunicate via a different frequency or set of frequencies, and thelength of the antennas may at least partially define the frequencieswith which the antennas communicate. Accordingly, the UWB antenna 806may have a different length (e.g., longer or shorter than) the Bluetoothantenna 808.

The UWB antenna 806 and the Bluetooth antenna 808 may be positioned onopposite sides of the antenna frame 802 (e.g., antipodally positionedabout the substantially circular or cylindrical outer peripheral side).This configuration provides the maximum possible distance between theantennas with them both being on the same carrier. This arrangement mayhelp mitigate interference or other deleterious effects that may occurif the antennas are close together.

The antennas 804, 806, 808 may each be conductively coupled to circuitryon the circuit board 510 to facilitate communications via the antennas804, 806, 808. As used herein, an antenna and the communicationcircuitry associated with that antenna may be referred to as a radio.

FIG. 8B depicts another example antenna assembly 820 that may be used asan alternative to the antenna assembly 508 described above. The antennaassembly 820 may be the same as or similar to the antenna assembly 508except that the UWB antenna and the Bluetooth antennas may have adifferent configuration. Accordingly, the antenna assembly 820 mayinclude an antenna frame 822 and a near-field wireless communicationantenna 824, which may be the same as or similar to the correspondingcomponents of the antenna assembly 508.

Whereas the UWB antenna 806 included a single radiating element, the UWBantenna 826 may include a first antenna element 828 and a second antennaelement 830 that is set apart from the first antenna element 828. A feedline 834 and a ground line 832 may be conductively coupled to the firstantenna element 828, and the ground line 832 may be conductively coupledto the second antenna element 830 (via a conductor that is at leastpartially embedded in the antenna frame 822, as shown, or via anotherconductor). The second antenna element 830 may not be directlyconductively coupled to the feed line 834. The second antenna element830 may act as a parasitic element that can amplify or enhance theeffectiveness of the first antenna element 828, and may provide greaterbandwidth than a single-antenna-element configuration.

The Bluetooth antenna 833 may include the two-element configuration ofthe UWB antenna 826, or it may have the same single-radiatorconfiguration of the Bluetooth antenna 808. In all other ways, includingthe composition of the antennas and antenna frame, and the techniquesfor forming the antennas and integrating them with the antenna frame,the antenna assembly 820 may be the same as or similar to the antennaassembly 508 described above with respect to FIG. 8A.

While FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate two example antenna assemblies, antennasmay be integrated with tags in other ways instead of or in addition tothose described with respect to FIGS. 8A-8B. FIG. 8C, for example,illustrates an example top housing member 840 (which may be anembodiment of the top housing member 502) in which antennas 842, 844,and 846 are attached to the interior walls of the top housing member840. The antennas 842 844 may be UWB and Bluetooth antennas,respectively, and may be positioned on the interior surface of the outerperipheral wall of the top housing member 840. The antenna 846 may be anear-field wireless communication antenna, and may be positioned on theinterior surface of the top wall of the top housing member 840. Theantennas may be formed using the same techniques and materials describedwith respect to the other antenna assemblies described herein (e.g.,laser direct sintering, insert molding, adhering conductors to thehousing member, etc.). The antennas 842, 844, and 846 may beconductively coupled to circuitry on the circuit board 510 using wires,solder joints, vias, or the like.

FIGS. 8D-8E illustrate another example antenna configuration for a tag850. In particular, as shown in FIG. 8D, the tag 850 includes a tophousing member 852 that includes a central member 854, which may beformed of a nonconductive material such as a polymer, and conductiveelements 856 defining portions of the outer peripheral wall of the tag850. The outer peripheral wall of the tag 850 may also be defined atleast in part by nonconductive elements 858 that are positioned betweenthe conductive elements 856. The conductive elements 856 may be setapart from one another by gaps, and the nonconductive elements 858 maybe positioned within the gaps. The nonconductive elements 858 may alsomechanically secure the conductive elements 856 together by engaging(e.g., interlocking) with the conductive elements 856.

FIG. 8E illustrates the inside of the top housing member 852, showinghow both the conductive elements 856 and the nonconductive elements 858may define part of the internal surfaces of the top housing member 852.As shown, the width of the nonconductive elements 858 may be greater onthe inside of the top housing member 852 than on the outside. Theincreased internal size may result from the nonconductive elements 858engaging with retention features, undercuts, openings, grooves, threads,or other features of the conductive elements 856. The conductiveelements 856 may be used as antenna elements for the tag 850. Theelectrical isolation provided by the nonconductive elements 858 betweenthe conductive elements 856 may facilitate tuning of the size andradiating characteristics of the conductive elements 856. The conductiveelements 856 may be conductively coupled to circuitry on the circuitboard 510 using wires, solder joints, vias, or the like, to allow theconductive elements 856 to operate as antennas.

As described above, antennas of an antenna assembly may be conductively(and mechanically) coupled to a circuit board or other electroniccomponent using vias. For example, the ground line 810 and feed line 812shown in FIG. 8A may be formed in part by vias that extend through theantenna frame and are conductively coupled to a circuit board. The viasin the antenna frames may allow the antenna frame to be surface mountedto the circuit board. More particularly, the vias of the antenna framemay be soldered directly to the circuit board, thus providing both aconductive coupling between circuit elements on the circuit board (e.g.,radio circuitry) and components on the antenna frame (e.g., antennas),and also providing a mechanical attachment between the antenna frame andcircuit board.

FIG. 8F illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of the antennaassembly 508 of FIG. 8A, viewed along line 8F-8F in FIG. 8A. FIG. 8Fillustrates an example configuration of a via for conductively andmechanically coupling the circuit board 510 to the antenna assembly 508.

The antenna frame 822 defines an opening 861 that extends from a topsurface of the antenna frame 822 to a bottom surface of the antennaframe 822. The opening 861 may be tapered from a larger opening size(e.g., diameter) at the top surface 865 to a smaller opening size (e.g.,diameter) at the bottom surface 863 of the antenna frame 822. In somecases, the opening 861 may be a frustoconical opening (e.g., an openingdefined by a frustoconical wall), with the smaller end of thefrustoconical opening along the bottom surface 863 of the antenna frame822.

A surface 867 of the frustoconical opening (e.g., the surface of afrustoconical wall) is coated with a conductive material 862. Theconductive material 862 may be or may include a metal or otherconductive material, and may be formed using an LDS process, asdescribed above. In some cases, the conductive materials of the vias,the antennas, and the conductive traces that join the antennas to theconductive materials of the vias (e.g., conductive trace 860) are allformed using the same LDS operations. For example, the surfaces of theantenna frame 822 that are to be metallized (e.g., the antenna 806, thetrace 860, the surface 867 of the opening 861) may be treated with alaser to expose a dopant in the antenna frame 822 and/or to form adistinct surface texture on the antenna frame 822 at the locations wheremetallization is to occur. The antenna frame 822 is then plated (e.g.,electroplated) or otherwise processed so that the laser-treated areas ofthe antenna frame 822 are coated with a conductive material (e.g., ametal layer). In this way, a continuous metal layer may define theantenna 806, trace 860, and the conductive coating or material on thesurface of the opening 861.

To conductively couple the antenna to the circuit board, the via may besoldered to a conductive trace 866 of the circuit board 510. This may beachieved by soldering a solder ball 864 in the frustoconical opening 861of the via, which defines a reliable conductive path from the conductivematerial 862 to the conductive trace 866.

Additionally, the tapered configuration of the opening 861, as well asthe mechanical bond between the solder ball 864 and the conductive trace866 and the solder ball 864 and the conductive material 862, results inthe solder ball 864 mechanically interlocking the circuit board 510 withthe antenna frame 822. For example, the process of soldering the solderball 864 to the conductive trace 866 and to the conductive material 862forms a bond (e.g., a metal fusion bond) between those materials, andthe resulting tapered shape of the solder ball 864 essentially definesan undercut that captures or traps the narrower end of the opening 861between the solder ball 864 and the surface of the circuit board 510.This interlocking structure, along with the metal-to-metal bonds, formsa structural attachment between the antenna frame 822 and circuit board.Further, the tapered configuration of the opening 861 results in anadvantageous stress profile on the conductive material 862. For example,if a tag experiences a force that stresses the antenna frame-circuitboard interface, the forces that are imparted to the conductive material862 may be primarily compression and/or shear forces, rather thantensile forces (where tensile forces correspond to forces that lift theconductive material away from the antenna frame 822). Thus, a force thattends to pull the circuit board 510 away from the antenna frame 822(e.g., downwards) results in the conductive material 862 beingcompressed between the solder ball 864 and the underlying surface of theantenna frame 822 (which tends to force the conductive material 862against the underlying surface of the antenna frame 822, rather thanpulling it away from the antenna frame 822).

FIG. 9 depicts a partial exploded view of a portion of an examplewirelessly locatable tag 500, showing how a battery connector 900 mayconductively couple the battery 514 to the circuitry of the device(e.g., via the circuit board 510). The battery connector 900 may includemultiple deflectable arms (three, as shown), portions of which extendthrough openings 902, 904, and 906 in the frame member 512 to contactthe positive and negative terminals of the battery 514. The deflectablearms may define battery contacts of the tag (e.g., conductive membersthat conductively couple to positive and/or negative terminals of abattery). The battery connector 900 may be mounted on and conductivelycoupled to the circuit board 510 to provide power from the battery 514to the electronics of the tag 500.

In some cases, at least a portion of each of two of the threedeflectable arms may extend through the openings 902, 904 to contact oneof the terminals of the battery (e.g., the positive terminal 910, whichmay be or may be defined at least in part by a curved or cylindricalsurface of the battery), and the third deflectable arm extends throughthe opening 906 to contact the other terminal of the battery (e.g., thenegative terminal 908, which may be or may be defined at least in partby a planar surface of the battery). By contacting one of the batteryterminals with two deflectable arms, the tag 500 is able to detectwhether the battery is present in the battery cavity by detectingwhether there is continuity between those two deflectable arms. When thebattery is not present, the device may be shut down, and any residualvoltage stored in capacitors or other circuit elements may be dischargedso that the tag 500 ceases to function as soon as the battery is nolonger detected in the tag 500. The openings 902, 904, and 906 may alsofluidly couple the battery cavity to the other portions of the internalvolume of the tag 500, such as the portions that are above the framemember 512 (based on the orientation shown in FIG. 9 ).

FIG. 10A illustrates the opposite side of the circuit board 510(compared to FIG. 9 ), showing the battery connector 900 attached to thecircuit board 510. Also shown are electrical components 1000, whichrepresent processors, memory, sensors, and/or other electricalcomponents and/or circuit elements that may be coupled to the circuitboard 510.

FIG. 10B is a detail view of the area 10B-10B in FIG. 10A, showingadditional details of the battery connector 900 and its components. Thebattery connector 900 includes a body 1002, first and second deflectablearms 1004, 1006 extending from the body 1002 and configured to contactthe positive terminal of the battery 514, and a third deflectable arm1008 configured to contact the negative terminal of the battery 514. Thedeflectable arms may be electrically coupled to the circuit board 510via conductors that are embedded in the body 1002 and soldered orotherwise conductively coupled to the circuit board 510.

The deflectable arms may be biased in a direction that forces them intocontact with the battery 514 when the battery 514 is within the batterycavity of the tag 500. This biasing may help ensure that the deflectablearms are forced into contact with the battery 514 to maintain a positiveconductive contact with the battery 514. The direction that thedeflectable arms move and/or are biased is based at least partly on theorientation of the deflectable arms relative to the battery. Forexample, as is evident from the location of opening 906 (FIG. 9 ), thethird deflectable arm 1008 contacts the battery 514 from above thebattery 514 (relative to the orientation shown in FIG. 9 ). Accordingly,the third deflectable arm 1008 is configured to deflect along adirection indicated by arrow 1016 in FIG. 10B (e.g., towards and awayfrom the circuit board 510). A cut-out 1001 in the circuit board 510provides clearance so that the third deflectable arm 1008 can deflectwithout interference by the circuit board 510. By contrast, the firstand second deflectable arms 1004, 1006 contact the battery 514 along theside of the battery 514, or at least along a surface that is notparallel to the circuit board 510. Accordingly, the first and seconddeflectable arms 1004, 1006 are configured to deflect along directionsindicated by the arrows 1014.

As the battery 514 is being inserted into the battery cavity of the tag500, however, the battery 514 may apply a force to the first and seconddeflectable arms 1004, 1006 tending to push the first and seconddeflectable arms 1004, 1006 towards the circuit board 510. The circuitboard 510 may include friction pads 1010 and 1012 that are positionedbelow portions of the first and second deflectable arms 1004, 1006,respectively. The friction pads 1010, 1012 may be formed of metal (e.g.,copper, gold), or any other suitable material that allows the first andsecond deflectable arms 1004, 1006 to slide along the circuit board 510while providing a relatively low coefficient of friction between thecircuit board 510 and the first and second deflectable arms 1004, 1006.The friction pads 1010, 1012 may also protect the circuit board'ssubstrate and the first and second deflectable arms 1004, 1006 from weardue to sliding of the first and second deflectable arms 1004, 1006 alongthe surface. During installation of the battery 514, the battery maycontact the first and second deflectable arms 1004, 1006 in a mannerthat pushes them towards the circuit board 510. By providing thefriction pads 1010, 1012 on the circuit board 510 and configuring thefirst and second deflectable arms 1004, 1006 so that they are proximatethe friction pads 1010, 1012 (and also configuring the ends of the firstand second deflectable arms 1004, 1006 to have a rounded shape), thedeflection of the first and second deflectable arms 1004, 1006 in thedirection towards the circuit board 510 is limited by the contactbetween the arms and the friction pads. Limiting deflection in thisdirection allows the first and second deflectable arms 1004, 1006 tobegin deflecting along the directions 1014, 1016, thereby allowing thefirst and second deflectable arms 1004, 1006 to move out of the way ofthe battery 514 and provide the biasing force in the appropriatedirection to maintain the first and second deflectable arms 1004, 1006in contact with the battery 514.

FIG. 10C shows a bottom side view of the battery connector 900. Thebattery connector 900 includes solder pads that are soldered to thecircuit board 510 to conductively couple the deflectable arms 1004,1006, 1008 to conductive traces on the circuit board. More specifically,the battery connector 900 includes a first solder pad 1018 that isconductively coupled to the first deflectable arm 1004, a second solderpad 1020 that is conductively coupled to the second deflectable arm1006, and a third solder pad 1022 that is conductively coupled to thethird deflectable arm 1008. In some cases, the solder pads and theirrespective deflectable arms are unitary metal structures (e.g., thesolder pad and the deflectable arm are a single piece of metal, such asstamped metal). In other cases, the solder pads and their respectivedeflectable arms are separate components that are attached via welding,soldering, or another operation.

The battery connector 900 may be formed by insert molding. For example,the deflectable arms 1004, 1006, 1008 and the solder pads 1018, 1020,1022 (or the unitary metal structures that define the deflectable armsand the solder pads) may be inserted into a mold, and an insulating,polymer material may be introduced into the mold, thereby at leastpartially encapsulating the deflectable arms 1004, 1006, 1008 and thesolder pads 1018, 1020, 1022. Other techniques for forming the batteryconnector 900 are also contemplated.

FIG. 10D illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of another exampleconfiguration for a battery connector. In particular, whereas thedeflectable arms of the battery connector 900 extend into the batterycavity through openings in the main frame member 512 (so that thedeflectable arms can conductively couple to the battery 514 by directlycontacting the battery 514), in another configuration conductive plugsmay be positioned in the openings in the main frame member, and thedeflectable arms may conductively contact the conductive plugs toultimately conductively couple the deflectable arms to the battery. FIG.10D illustrates such a configuration. In particular, the tag includes aconductive plug 1026 positioned in the opening 906 in the main framemember 512 and extending into the battery cavity defined by the mainframe member 512. The conductive plug 1026 may be formed of metal, andmay be configured to physically contact and conductively couple to thebattery 514. The conductive plug 1026 may be biased into the batterycavity by a deflectable arm 1024 (which may be similar to the thirddeflectable arm 1008 except that it does not extend into the batterycavity). The biasing force applied by the deflectable arm 1024 may beopposed by the force applied on the conductive plug 1026 by the battery514, thereby causing the conductive plug 1026 to move upwards (relativeto the orientation in FIG. 10D). The biasing force applied by thedeflectable arm 1024 also maintains an intimate physical connectionbetween the battery 514 and the conductive plug 1026. Further, thebiasing force applied by the deflectable arm 1024 retains the conductiveplug 1026 in place by capturing the conductive plug 1026 between thedeflectable arm 1024 and the main frame member 512.

The conductive plug 1026 may be configured to self-align in the opening906. For example, the conductive plug 1026 may have a roundedprotrusion, and the opening 906 may be a circular hole, such that therounded protrusion self-aligns in a substantially concentric position(with respect to the circular hole). This self-aligning property of theconductive plug 1026 may also help accommodate for misalignments betweenthe deflectable arms 1004, 1006, 1008 and the openings 902, 904, 906 inthe main frame member 512. For example, misalignments between thedeflectable arms and the openings can be tolerated because thedeflectable arms merely need to contact the conductive plugs to providea biasing force and conductive connection. More particularly, becausethe conductive plugs are not fixed to the deflectable arms, as long as adeflectable arm conductively couples to and provides sufficient biasingand/or retention force on the conductive plug, the contact point betweenthe deflectable arm and the conductive plug can vary. Accordingly,because the conductive plugs can self-align in the openings andmisalignments between the deflectable arms and the conductive plugs areaccommodated by the non-fixed arm/plug interface, assembly tolerancesrelating to the positioning of the battery connector and the position ofthe circuit board and main frame member may be relaxed.

While FIG. 10D illustrates one deflectable arm and conductive plug, thesame or a similar configuration may be used for any and all batterycontacts. For example, conductive plugs may be positioned in theopenings 902, 904, and deflectable arms similar to the first and seconddeflectable arms 1004, 1006 may contact and bias those conductive plugsinto the battery cavity. Indeed, any of the battery contacts shown ordescribed herein may be portions of deflectable arms that extend intothe battery cavity, or they may be conductive plugs that extend into thebattery cavity, with deflectable arms biasing and retaining theconductive plugs as described above.

While FIGS. 9-10C depict one example battery connector and arrangementof deflectable arms (including where the deflectable arms contact thebattery 514), this is merely one example configuration, and otherconfigurations may also be used with the tag 500, or any other tag shownand described herein. FIGS. 11A-11D illustrate alternative arrangementsof deflectable arms or other types of battery contacts that may be usedto provide an electrical connection to the battery 514. Each of thesealternative arrangements may use a battery connector that is similar tothe battery connector 900. In some cases, each battery contact shown inFIGS. 11A-11D corresponds to an end of a deflectable arm similar tothose of the battery connector 900. In some cases, instead of having allof the deflectable arms coupled to the same body (as is the case withthe battery connector 900), one or more of the deflectable arms thatdefine the battery contacts in FIGS. 11A-11D are coupled to separatebodies. While FIGS. 11A-11D discuss the position of battery contacts, itwill be understood that the battery contacts may be the ends ofdeflectable arms similar to those described with respect to the batteryconnector 900. Further, battery contact configurations other than thoseshown in FIGS. 9-11D may also be used to conductively couple a batteryto the circuitry of a tag.

FIG. 11A shows an example tag 1100 in which first and second batterycontacts 1102, 1104 are positioned along a side wall of a battery cavity1101, and a third battery contact 1106 is positioned at a center of thebattery cavity 1101. The first and second battery contacts 1102, 1104are configured to contact the positive terminal of the battery, and thethird battery contact 1106 is configured to contact the negativeterminal of the battery.

FIG. 11B shows an example tag 1110 in which two battery contacts areconfigured to contact the negative terminal of the battery, and one isconfigured to contact the positive terminal of the battery (in contrastto the battery connector 900 and the configuration in FIG. 11A, in whichtwo battery contacts contact the positive terminal and one batterycontact contacts the negative terminal). In particular, first and secondbattery contacts 1112, 1114 are positioned on a bottom surface of abattery cavity 1111 (relative to the orientation shown in FIG. 11B), anda third battery contact 1116 is positioned along a side wall of thebattery cavity 1111. The first and second battery contacts 1112, 1114have elongated arcuate shapes, which may be symmetrical about a centerof the circular battery cavity 1111. The first and second batterycontacts 1112, 1114 are configured to contact the negative terminal ofthe battery, and the third battery contact 1116 is configured to contactthe positive terminal of the battery. Also, the tag 1110 may beconfigured to detect the presence of the battery by detecting continuitybetween the first and second battery contacts 1112, 1114. For example,if there is continuity between the first and second battery contacts1112, 1114, that may indicate that a battery is present in the batterycavity 1111 (regardless of whether the charge state of the battery).

FIG. 11C shows another example tag 1120 in which two battery contactsare configured to contact the negative terminal of the battery, and oneis configured to contact the positive terminal of the battery. Inparticular, first and second battery contacts 1122, 1124 are positionedon a bottom surface of a battery cavity 1121 (relative to theorientation shown in FIG. 11C), and a third battery contact 1126 ispositioned along a side wall of the battery cavity 1121. The first andsecond battery contacts 1122, 1124 have rounded (e.g., circular) shapes,in contrast to the arcuate shapes of the contacts in FIG. 11B. The firstand second battery contacts 1122, 1124 are configured to contact thenegative terminal of the battery, and the third battery contact 1126 isconfigured to contact the positive terminal of the battery. Also, thetag 1120 may be configured to detect the presence of the battery bydetecting continuity between the first and second battery contacts 1122,1124.

FIG. 11D shows another example tag 1130 in which two battery contactsare configured to contact the negative terminal of the battery, and oneis configured to contact the positive terminal of the battery. Inparticular, first and second battery contacts 1132, 1134 are positionedon a bottom surface of a battery cavity 1131 (relative to theorientation shown in FIG. 11D), and a third battery contact 1136 ispositioned along a side wall of the battery cavity 1131. The first andsecond battery contacts 1132, 1134 have elongated arcuate shapes, whichmay be symmetrical about a center of the circular battery cavity 1131.In this example, the third battery contact 1136 also has an elongatedarcuate shape that conforms to the circular shape of the side wall ofthe battery cavity 1131.

In some cases, the battery door of a tag may also act as one of thebattery contacts. For example, the battery door (e.g., the bottomhousing member 516) may be formed of or include metal or anotherconductive material, and at least one terminal of the battery may beconductively coupled to the battery door. The battery door may, in turn,be conductively coupled to the circuit board. In this manner, at leastone terminal of the battery (e.g., the positive terminal) may beconductively coupled to the circuit board via a conductive path thatincludes the battery door.

FIG. 12A is a partial exploded view of the tag 500, illustratingfeatures of the bottom housing member 516 (or battery door 516) and howthe battery door 516 engages the rest of the tag 500 and how the battery514 is retained in the tag 500 and biased towards the battery contactsof the tag 500.

The bottom housing member 516 may include latching members 1200 and theframe member 512 may define latching channels 1202 that are configuredto engage the latching members 1200 to secure the bottom housing member516 to the tag 500. The latching members 1200 and channels 1202 may beconfigured so that in order to remove the bottom housing member 516, theuser must manipulate the bottom housing member 516 in multiple differentdirections (e.g., by both pressing on and turning the bottom housingmember 516). This may help prevent unintended opening of the batterycavity, and may help prevent children from removing the button cellbattery (which may pose choking or other hazards if removed from the tag500).

FIG. 12B illustrates a detail view of how a latching member 1200 engagesa latching channel 1202 when the bottom housing member 516 is beingattached to the tag 500. In particular, the bottom housing member 516 isaligned with the tag 500 (e.g., with the frame member 512 of the tag)such that the latching members 1200 are aligned with openings 1203 ofthe latching channels 1202. (For simplicity, the following descriptionrefers only to a single latching member and channel, but the tag 500 mayinclude any suitable number of latching member/channel pairs, such astwo, three, four, five, or more pairs.) The bottom housing member 516 isthen pushed downwards, following the path 1208, until the latchingmember 1200 passes a retention protrusion 1204. The operation of pushingthe latching member 1200 past the retention protrusion 1204 may includeovercoming a spring force, provided by the compliant member 518, thattends to bias the bottom housing member 516 in an upwards direction,relative to the orientation shown in FIG. 12B.

After passing the retention protrusion 1204, and while maintaining adownward force on the bottom housing member 516 to overcome the biasingforce, the user may twist or rotate the bottom housing member 516 tocause the latching member 1200 to continue along the path 1208 and movetowards a recess 1206. Once the latching member 1200 is aligned with therecess 1206, such as because the latching member 1200 reaches the end ofthe latching channel 1202, the user may release the downward force onthe bottom housing member 516, thereby causing the compliant member 518to bias the bottom housing member 516 upwards and forcing the latchingmember 1200 into the recess 1206. Because the retention protrusion 1204and the blind end of the latching channel 1202 block movement of thelatching member 1200 in the horizontal direction (corresponding to arotation or twisting of the bottom housing member 516), combined withthe biasing force from the compliant member 518 tending to force thelatching member 1200 into the recess 1206 (or with another surface ofthe latching channel 1202), the bottom housing member 516 may besecurely retained to the tag 500 and may resist inadvertent oraccidental opening.

In order to detach the bottom housing member 516 from the tag, theoperation described with respect to FIG. 12B may be reversed, as shownindicated by the path 1210 in FIG. 12C. Initially, a user applies adownward force to the bottom housing member 516 to move the latchingmember 1200 out of the recess 1206 and below the retention protrusion1204. Once the latching member 1200 is clear of the retention protrusion1204, and while maintaining the downward force on the bottom housingmember 516, the bottom housing member 516 is rotated or twisted to movethe latching member 1200 horizontally until it is aligned with theopening 1203 of the latching channel 1202, at which time the bottomhousing member 516 may be forced upwards by the biasing force of thecompliant member 518 and/or by the user pulling the bottom housingmember 516 away from the tag 500.

The tag 500 may also include detents or other mechanisms to providehaptic or tactile sensations to a user during attachment and/ordetachment of the bottom housing member 516. For example, the tag 500may include a ball detent that engages a recess in the bottom housingmember 516 when the bottom housing member 516 is rotated or twistedduring attachment and/or detachment. As the ball detent engages therecess, the user may feel a clicking or other tactile sensation,indicating that the bottom housing member 516 is moving or has reached aparticular position (e.g., a fully closed position). The detent (orother mechanism) may be attached to the bottom housing member 516 toengage a recess in the main frame member 512, or it may be attached tothe main frame member 512 to engage a recess in the bottom housingmember 516. Other configurations are also possible. Further, detents orother mechanisms may be provided for any moving or detachable componentsof tags described herein, and may be provided solely for the tactileindication that they provide during manipulation of the components, orfor other additional functions (e.g., to removably retain a batterydoor, housing member, or other component in a particular position).

The compliant member 518 may provide a biasing force that both helpsbias the bottom housing member 516 into an engaged or lockedconfiguration (as described with respect to FIGS. 12A-12C), and bias thebattery 514 towards the battery contacts of the battery connector 900.FIG. 13A illustrates the compliant member 518. The compliant member 518defines a base 1301 that may be attached to an inner surface of thebottom housing member 516 (e.g., via adhesive, welding, soldering,fasteners, or any other suitable attachment technique). The compliantmember 518 may also define spring arms 1300 that extend from the base1301 and are configured to contact the battery 514. The base 1301 andspring arms 1300 may be defined by a single unitary piece of material.The material may be any suitable material, including but not limited tometal (e.g., stainless steel), a polymer, or the like.

As described above, the compliant member 518 also defines a flangeportion 714, which may also be defined by the same single piece ofmaterial that defines the base 1301 and spring arms 1300. The flangeportion 714 may be configured to help retain a membrane and/or othercomponents near an opening that allows pressure equalization. The flangeportion 714 may also define an opening 710 that aligns with the pressureequalization opening.

FIG. 13B is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag 500, illustratingthe operation of the compliant member 518. As shown, the bottom housingmember 516 is attached to the frame member 512, a state that results inthe compliant member 518 being compressed or otherwise in a state thatproduces a biasing force. More particularly, the spring arms 1300 arepressed against the battery 514, causing the compliant member 518 toproduce a force (indicated by arrow 1302) tending to push the battery514 towards the frame member 512 and push the bottom housing member 516away from the frame member 512. This ultimately forces the battery 514into contact with the deflectable arms of the battery connector 900 andhelps maintain the secure engagement of the latching members 1200 withthe latching channels 1202 (FIGS. 12A-12C).

The presence of the compliant member 518 may also facilitate the use ofbattery connectors that do not deflect. For example, any of the batterycontacts and/or deflectable arms described above for conductivelycoupling to a battery may be configured to not deflect when a battery isinserted into the battery cavity. In such cases, the compliance of thecompliant member 518 both biases the battery 514 against thenon-deflecting battery contacts to ensure conductive coupling, and alsoprovides clearance to the battery to accommodate for any canting ormisalignment of the battery due to the non-deflecting battery contacts.

While FIG. 13A shows one example configuration of a compliant member forbiasing the bottom housing member 516 and the battery 514, other typesof compliant members may also be used. FIG. 13C illustrates one suchalternative example compliant member 1310. The compliant member 1310,which may be formed from a single piece of metal, polymer, or the like,defines a base 1312 and three curved spring arms 1314, each extendingalong a circular path inside the perimeter of the base 1312 andextending from the base 1312. Other configurations of unitary metalcompliant members are also contemplated. Further, other components,mechanisms, or systems may be used instead of or in addition to unitarymetal compliant members, including but not limited to coil springs,elastomers, foams, leaf springs, or the like.

As noted above, button cell or other small form-factor batteries may bepotentially hazardous to people or pets due to their small size andpossibility of being ingested. To avoid the batteries from accidentallyfalling out of the tags, the tags may be configured so that theirbattery doors require more than a simple, single motion (e.g., twisting)to remove them. FIGS. 12A-12C, for example, illustrate one configurationthat requires a user to both press and twist the battery door (e.g., thebottom housing member 516) in order to open it. Other mechanisms mayalso be used to securely retain a battery door to a tag in a manner thatprevents or limits accidental opening and satisfies applicable laws orregulations for device safety. FIGS. 14A-25C illustrate several exampleconfigurations of such retention mechanisms.

FIGS. 14A-16D illustrate various aspects of an example mechanism forsecurely retaining a battery door (e.g., a bottom housing member) to atag. FIG. 14A illustrates a portion of a frame member 1400 that definesa channel 1402 and a spring member 1404 that extends into the channel1402 and/or defines part of the channel. The frame member 1400 may be anembodiment of the frame member 512, and may include any or all of thecomponents and may provide any or all of the functionality of the framemember 512 (and may be integrated with the tag 500 or any other tagdescribed herein). For brevity such details may not be repeated here.

FIG. 14B illustrates a portion of a bottom housing member 1406 that isconfigured to mate with the frame member 1400 in FIG. 14A. The bottomhousing member 1406 may be an embodiment of the bottom housing member516, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any orall of the functionality of the bottom housing member 516. For brevitysuch details may not be repeated here. The bottom housing member 1406includes a pin 1408 that is configured to engage with the frame member1400 via the channel 1402 and/or the spring member 1404 to retain thebottom housing member 1406 to the frame member 1400.

FIGS. 15A-15B illustrate a schematic view of the frame member 1400 andthe bottom housing member 1406, showing how the pin 1408 engages thechannel 1402 and the spring member 1404 when the bottom housing member1406 is being attached to the frame member 1400. As shown in FIG. 15A,the bottom housing member 1406 is positioned relative to the framemember 1400 such that the pin 1408 enters the channel 1402, along thepath 1502. More particularly, the bottom housing member 1406 may bemoved vertically (relative to the orientation in FIG. 15A) to positionthe pin 1408 in the channel 1402. This manipulation may requireovercoming a biasing force (acting in an upward direction) imparted tothe bottom housing member 1406 by a spring or other mechanism (such asthe compliant member 518, FIG. 5B).

After positioning the pin 1408 in the channel 1402 as shown in FIG. 15A,rotating or twisting the bottom housing member 1406 causes the pin 1408to move through the channel 1402 along the path 1506 to a blind end 1504(FIG. 15A) of the channel 1402. This manipulation results in the pin1408 contacting a retention feature 1508 of the spring member 1404,resulting in the spring member 1404 deflecting downwards to accommodatethe pin 1408. The retention feature 1508 may also contact the pin 1408to retain the pin 1408 in the blind end 1504 of the channel 1402. Theaction of sliding the pin 1408 over the retention feature 1508 may alsoproduce a tactile click-like feeling that is detectable by the user whentwisting the bottom housing member 1406 into the closed configuration.This tactile sensation may indicate to the user that the bottom housingmember 1406 has reached a fully closed and secured position, and thatthe user can cease turning the bottom housing member 1406.

FIGS. 16A-16D illustrate a schematic view of the frame member 1400 andthe bottom housing member 1406, showing how the pin 1408 disengages fromthe channel 1402 and the spring member 1404 when the bottom housingmember 1406 is being detached from the frame member 1400. As shown inFIG. 16A, the bottom housing member 1406 is positioned relative to theframe member 1400 such that the pin 1408 is securely maintained in theblind end 1504 of the channel 1402. In order to detach the bottomhousing member 1406, a user may twist or rotate the bottom housingmember 1406, causing the pin 1408 to slide along the path 1600 in FIG.16B. This motion causes the pin 1408 to contact the retention feature1508, which in turn causes the spring member 1404 to deflect downwards.Because the spring member 1404 is biased upwards, the contact betweenthe pin 1408 and the retention feature 1508 produces a resistance torotation of the bottom housing member 1406 which, when overcome, pushesthe spring member 1404 downwards. This interaction between the pin 1408and the retention feature 1508 provides several benefits, includingproducing an increased resistance that the user must overcome in orderto detach the bottom housing member 1406, and also potentially producinga tactile click or detent sensation that indicates to the user that thebottom housing member 1406 has been moved out of a securely lockedcondition.

Once the pin 1408 has been moved out of the blind end 1504 of thechannel 1402 and as the bottom housing member 1406 continues to berotated, the biasing force (indicated by arrow 1604) between the framemember 1400 and the bottom housing member 1406 forces the bottom housingmember 1406 and thus the pin 1408 upwards and into a recess 1602. Thebiasing force may be produced by a compliant member between the batteryand the bottom housing member 1406, as described above. The recess 1602defines a lip that prevents or inhibits further rotation of the bottomhousing member 1406. In order to continue detaching the bottom housingmember 1406, the user must press on the bottom housing member 1406 toprovide a downward force 1606 that overcomes the biasing force to pushthe bottom housing member 1406, and thus the pin 1408, downwards and outof the recess 1602 (as indicated by path 1608 in FIG. 16C).

Once the pin 1408 is clear of the lip of the recess 1602, as shown inFIG. 16C, the user may continue to rotate the bottom housing member 1406until the pin 1408 clears the top wall of the channel and is able to beremoved from the channel, as indicated by path 1610 in FIG. 16D. Morespecifically, once the pin 1408 is positioned as shown in FIG. 16D, thebottom housing member 1406 can be simply lifted away from the framemember 1400 to access the battery.

FIGS. 17A-19E illustrate various aspects of another example mechanismfor securely retaining a battery door (e.g., a bottom housing member) toa tag. FIG. 17A illustrates a portion of a frame member 1700 thatdefines a channel 1702 and a spring member 1704 that extends into thechannel 1702 and/or defines part of the channel. The frame member 1700may be an embodiment of the frame member 512, and may include any or allof the components and may provide any or all of the functionality of theframe member 512 (and may be integrated with the tag 500 or any othertag described herein). For brevity such details may not be repeatedhere.

FIG. 17B illustrates a portion of a bottom housing member 1706 that isconfigured to mate with the frame member 1700 in FIG. 17A. The bottomhousing member 1706 may be an embodiment of the bottom housing member516, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any orall of the functionality of the bottom housing member 516. For brevitysuch details may not be repeated here. The bottom housing member 1706includes a pin 1708 that is configured to engage with the frame member1700 via the channel 1702 and/or the spring member 1704 to retain thebottom housing member 1706 to the frame member 1700.

FIG. 17C shows the spring member 1704 removed from the frame member1700. The spring member 1704 defines two at least partiallyindependently actuatable retention features 1712, 1714. The firstretention feature 1712 may be at least partially within an opening in abase 1710, and the second retention feature 1714 may be formed at an endof the base 1710. The spring member 1704 may be a unitary componentformed of metal, polymer, or any other suitable material. Accordingly,the retention features and the base may be formed from the same piece ofmaterial.

FIGS. 18A-18B illustrate a schematic view of the frame member 1700 andthe bottom housing member 1706, showing how the pin 1708 engages thechannel 1702 and the spring member 1704 when the bottom housing member1706 is being attached to the frame member 1700. As shown in FIG. 18A,the bottom housing member 1706 is positioned relative to the framemember 1700 such that the pin 1708 enters the channel 1702, along thepath 1800. More particularly, the bottom housing member 1706 may bemoved vertically (relative to the orientation in FIG. 18A) to positionthe pin 1708 in the channel 1702. This manipulation may requireovercoming a biasing force (acting in an upward direction) imparted tothe bottom housing member 1706 by a spring or other mechanism (such asthe compliant member 518, FIG. 5B).

After positioning the pin 1708 in the channel 1702 as shown in FIG. 18A,rotating or twisting the bottom housing member 1706 causes the pin 1708to move through the channel 1702 along the path 1802 to a blind end 1803(FIG. 18A) of the channel 1702. This manipulation results in the pin1708 contacting both the first and second retention features 1712, 1714of the spring member 1704, resulting in the both the first and secondretention features 1712, 1714 deflecting downwards as the pin 1708contacts them and passes them (as indicated by arrows 1804, 1806). Thesecond retention feature 1714 may also contact the pin 1708 to retainthe pin 1708 in the blind end 1803 of the channel 1702. The action ofsliding the pin 1708 over the retention features 1712, 1714 may alsoproduce a tactile click-like feeling that is detectable by the user whentwisting the bottom housing member 1706 into the closed configuration.

FIGS. 19A-19D illustrate a schematic view of the frame member 1700 andthe bottom housing member 1706, showing how the pin 1708 disengages fromthe channel 1702 and the spring member 1704 when the bottom housingmember 1706 is being detached from the frame member 1700. As shown inFIG. 19A, the bottom housing member 1706 is positioned relative to theframe member 1700 such that the pin 1708 is securely maintained in theblind end 1803 of the channel 1702. In order to detach the bottomhousing member 1706, a user may twist or rotate the bottom housingmember 1706, causing the pin 1708 to slide along the path 1900 in FIG.19B. This motion causes the pin 1708 to contact the second retentionfeature 1714, which in turn causes the second retention feature 1714 todeflect downwards. Because the second retention feature 1714 is biasedupwards, the contact between the pin 1708 and the second retentionfeature 1714 produces a resistance to rotation of the bottom housingmember 1706 which, when overcome, pushes the second retention feature1714 downwards. This interaction between the pin 1708 and the secondretention feature 1714 provides several benefits, including producing anincreased resistance that the user must overcome in order to detach thebottom housing member 1706, and also potentially producing a tactileclick or detent sensation that indicates to the user that the bottomhousing member 1706 has been moved out of a securely locked condition.

Once the pin 1708 has been moved past the second retention feature 1714,it may come into contact with a surface of the first retention feature1712 that prevents further rotation of the bottom housing member 1706,as shown in FIG. 19B. Due to the biasing force (indicated by arrow 1906)between the frame member 1700 and the bottom housing member 1706, thebottom housing member 1706 and thus the pin 1708 may be forced upwardsalong the path 1902 and into a recess 1904. The biasing force may beproduced by a compliant member between the battery and the bottomhousing member 1706, as described above. When the pin 1708 is in theposition shown in FIG. 19C, the first retention feature 1712 may stillbe overlapping the pin 1708, thereby inhibiting further rotationalmovement. The user may continue to rotate the bottom housing member 1706to move the pin along the path 1908 (FIG. 19D). This rotation results inthe pin 1708 (e.g., a chamfered or angled surface of the pin 1708)contacting the first retention feature 1712 and forcing the firstretention feature 1712 downward. Like other manipulations resulting inan interaction between a pin and a spring member, this may produce atactile output that indicates to a user that a particular manipulationhas been successfully completed.

After the bottom housing member 1706, and thus the pin 1708, has beenrotated to move the pin 1708 past the second retention feature 1712,further rotation of the pin 1708 may be inhibited by lip of the recess1904. In order to continue detaching the bottom housing member 1706, theuser must press on the bottom housing member 1706 to provide a downwardforce 1912 that overcomes the biasing force to push the bottom housingmember 1706, and thus the pin 1708, downwards and out of the recess 1904(as indicated by path 1910 in FIG. 19E). Once the pin 1708 is clear ofthe lip of the recess 1904, as shown in FIG. 19D, the user may continueto rotate the bottom housing member 1706 until the pin 1708 clears thetop wall of the channel and is able to be removed from the channel, asindicated by path 1910.

FIGS. 20A-22D illustrate various aspects of another example mechanismfor securely retaining a battery door (e.g., a bottom housing member) toa tag. FIG. 20A illustrates a portion of a frame member 2000 thatdefines a latching region 2002 and a spring member 2004 that extendsinto the latching region 2002 and/or defines part of the latchingregion. The frame member 2000 may be an embodiment of the frame member512, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any orall of the functionality of the frame member 512 (and may be integratedwith the tag 500 or any other tag described herein). For brevity suchdetails may not be repeated here.

FIG. 20B illustrates a portion of a bottom housing member 2006 that isconfigured to mate with the frame member 2000 in FIG. 20A. The bottomhousing member 2006 may be an embodiment of the bottom housing member516, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any orall of the functionality of the bottom housing member 516. For brevitysuch details may not be repeated here. The bottom housing member 2006includes a latch 2008 that is configured to engage with the frame member2000 via the latching region 2002 and/or the spring member 2004 toretain the bottom housing member 2006 to the frame member 2000.

FIG. 20C shows the spring member 2004 removed from the frame member2000. The spring member 2004 defines a first retention feature 2012 anda second retention feature 2014. The spring member 2004 may also definea base portion 2010 that is secured to the frame member 2000. The springmember 2004 may be configured to deflect or move in multiple directionsduring attachment and detachment of the bottom housing member 2006. Forexample, as described herein, an interaction between the latch 2008 andthe second retention feature 2014 during attachment of the bottomhousing member 2006 may cause the spring member 2004 to deflect along adirection indicated by arrow 2018, while an interaction between thelatch 2008 and the second retention feature 2014 during detachment ofthe bottom housing member 2006 may cause the spring member 2004 todeflect along a direction indicated by arrow 2016. The spring member2004 may be a unitary component formed of metal, polymer, or any othersuitable material.

FIGS. 21A-21C illustrate a schematic view of the frame member 2000 andthe bottom housing member 2006, showing how the latch 2008 engages theframe member 2000 and the spring member 2004 when the bottom housingmember 2006 is being attached to the frame member 2000. As shown in FIG.21A, the bottom housing member 2006 is positioned relative to the framemember 2000 such that the latch 2008 enters the latching region 2002,along the path 2100. More particularly, the bottom housing member 2006may be moved vertically (relative to the orientation in FIG. 21A) toposition the latch 2008 in the latching region 2002 and into anengagement with the spring member 2004. This manipulation may requireovercoming a biasing force (acting in an upward direction) imparted tothe bottom housing member 2006 by a spring or other mechanism (such asthe compliant member 518, FIG. 5B).

FIG. 21B illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of the latch 2008and the spring member 2004, showing how the latch 2008 and the springmember 2004 interact as the bottom housing member 2006 is attached tothe frame member 2000. In particular, as the bottom housing member 2006is moved vertically downwards (arrow 2101 in FIG. 21B), the latch 2008(e.g., a chamfered or otherwise contoured surface of the latch 2008)pushes against the top of the second retention feature 2014 of thespring member 2004. This interaction forces the spring member 2004 todeflect away from the latch 2008 along a direction indicated by arrow2102. Once the end of the latch 2008 passes the second retention feature2014, the biasing force of the spring member 2004 forces the springmember 2004 back towards the latch 2008 such that the latch 2008overlaps the second retention feature 2014 to retain the latch 2008below the second retention feature 2014. Similar to other interactionswith retention features, pushing the latch 2008 past the secondretention feature 2014 requires an increased force from the user and mayresult in a click or other tactile sensation, thus indicating to theuser that the bottom housing member 2006 has become engaged.

After engaging the latch 2008 and the second retention feature 2014 asshown in FIGS. 21A and 21B, further rotating or twisting of the bottomhousing member 2006, indicated by arrow 2104) causes the latch 2008 tomove out of engagement with the second retention feature 2014, slideover the first retention feature 2012 (resulting in another deflectionof the spring member 2004 along the direction 2102 in FIG. 21B), and endup positioned at a blind end of the latching region 2002 and below athird retention feature 2106. The third retention feature 2106 mayprevent or inhibit upwards movement of the latch 2008, while the firstretention feature 2012 may remain in contact with the latch 2008 toretain the latch 2008 in the position shown in FIG. 21C. The action ofsliding the latch 2008 over the first retention feature 2012, may alsoproduce a tactile click-like feeling that is detectable by the user whentwisting the bottom housing member 2006 into the closed configuration.

FIGS. 22A-22D illustrate a schematic view of the frame member 2000 andthe bottom housing member 2006, showing how the latch 2008 disengagesfrom the latching region 2002 and the spring member 2004 when the bottomhousing member 2006 is being detached from the frame member 2000. Asshown in FIG. 22A, the bottom housing member 2006 is positioned relativeto the frame member 2000 such that the latch 2008 is securely maintainedin the blind end of the latching region 2002 and below the thirdretention feature 2106. In order to detach the bottom housing member2006, a user may twist or rotate the bottom housing member 2006, causingthe latch 2008 to slide along the path 2200 in FIG. 22B. This motioncauses the latch 2008 to contact the first retention feature 2012, whichin turn causes the spring member 2004 to deflect outwards (e.g., alongthe direction 2102 in FIG. 21B). Because the first retention feature2012 is biased towards the latch 2008, the contact between the latch2008 and the first retention feature 2012 produces a resistance torotation of the bottom housing member 2006 and potentially produces atactile click or detent sensation that indicates to the user that thebottom housing member 2006 has been moved out of a securely lockedcondition.

Once the latch 2008 has been moved past the first retention feature2012, it may return to the position shown in FIGS. 21A-21B, wherein thelatch 2008 is below and overlaps the second retention feature 2014. Tocontinue detaching the bottom housing member 2006, the user pulls thebottom housing member 2006 upwards, along the direction 2202, whichcauses the latch 2008 to pull the second retention feature 2014 upwards,thereby deflecting the spring member 2004 along the direction 2016 (FIG.20C). Once the spring member 2004 is deflected, rotating the bottomhousing member 2006 along direction 2204 (e.g., in the directionopposite that indicated in FIG. 22B) causes the latch 2008 to slide overthe first retention feature 2012 once again, thereby disengaging thelatch 2008 from the spring member 2004 and allowing the bottom housingmember 2006 to be removed. The final engagement between the latch 2008and the first retention feature 2012 may provide a final tactileindication that the bottom housing member 2006 has been detached.

The mechanism shown and described with respect to FIGS. 20A-22D mayinclude hard-stops formed in the frame member 2000 and/or the springmember 2004 to help guide a user through the attachment and detachmentoperation. For example, at each position of the bottom housing member2006, there may be only one direction in which the bottom housing member2006 may be moved. Accordingly, the user can determine how to attach anddetach the bottom housing member 2006 with a few simple motions. Moreparticularly, the attachment operation may include a push and a twist,and the detachment operation may include a twist (in a first direction),followed by a pull, followed by another twist (in a second, oppositedirection), followed by a final pull.

FIGS. 23A-23E illustrate various aspects of another example mechanismfor securely retaining a battery door (e.g., a bottom housing member) toa tag. FIG. 23A illustrates a portion of a frame member 2300 thatdefines a latching region 2302 and a spring member 2304 that extendsinto the latching region 2302. The spring member 2304 may be biased toprotrude into the latching region 2302, as depicted in FIG. 23A, and maybe configured to retract away from the latching region 2302 along thedirection 2305. The frame member 2300 may be an embodiment of the framemember 512, and may include any or all of the components and may provideany or all of the functionality of the frame member 512 (and may beintegrated with the tag 500 or any other tag described herein). Forbrevity such details may not be repeated here.

FIG. 23B illustrates a portion of a bottom housing member 2306 that isconfigured to mate with the frame member 2300 in FIG. 23A. The bottomhousing member 2306 may be an embodiment of the bottom housing member516, and may include any or all of the components and may provide any orall of the functionality of the bottom housing member 516. For brevitysuch details may not be repeated here. The bottom housing member 2306includes a cam latch 2308 that is configured to engage with the framemember 2300 via the latching region 2302 and/or the spring member 2304to retain the bottom housing member 2306 to the frame member 2300. Thecam latch 2308 may define various surfaces and/or features that engageor otherwise interact with the spring member 2304 to facilitateattachment and detachment of the bottom housing member 2306.

FIG. 23C shows the spring member 2304 removed from the frame member2300. The spring member 2304 includes the portion that protrudes intothe latching region 2302, as well as a base 2310 that is secured to theframe member 2300. The spring member 2304 may be a unitary componentformed of metal, polymer, or any other suitable material.

FIG. 23D illustrates the cam latch 2308, showing the path that thespring member 2304 (e.g., the portion of the spring member 2304 thatprotrudes into the latching region) would follow along the cam latch2308 as the bottom housing member 2306 is attached to the frame member2300. In particular, as the bottom housing member 2306 is initiallyengaged with the frame member 2300, the spring member 2304 moves alongthe path 2312 and slides over a first cam surface 2314. After clearingthe first cam surface 2314, the bottom housing member 2306 is rotatedsuch that the spring member 2304 moves along path 2316, sliding over thefirst retention feature 2318 and into a blind end 2320 of the cam latch2308. At this stage, the first retention feature 2318 and the biasingforce of the spring member 2304 retain the spring member 2304 in theblind end 2320, thereby retaining the bottom housing member 2306 in aclosed configuration.

FIG. 23E illustrates the cam latch 2308, showing the path that thespring member 2304 would follow along the cam latch 2308 as the bottomhousing member 2306 is detached from the frame member 2300. Inparticular, the bottom housing member 2306 is rotated so that the springmember 2304 slides over the first retention feature 2318 along path2322. Once clear of the first retention feature 2318, the bottom housingmember 2306 is pulled axially away from the frame member 2300, movingthe spring member 2304 along the path 2324 and against a hard-stopdefined by the underside of the first cam surface 2314. The bottomhousing member 2306 is then rotated to move the spring member 2304 alongthe path 2326, and then finally pulled axially to slide the springmember along the path 2328 and over a second cam surface 2330, therebydetaching the bottom housing member 2306 from the frame member 2300.

The interactions and engagements between the features of the cam latch2308 (e.g., the cam surfaces and retention feature) and the springmember 2304 may each require an overcoming force to be applied to thebottom housing member 2306, and may produce tactile sensations orfeedback that are detectable by a user. These forces and feedbacks mayhelp retain the bottom housing member 2306 in desired positions, andalso provide useful physical information to the user.

FIGS. 24A-24C illustrate another example spring member and cam latchthat may be used with the frame member 2300 and the bottom housingmember 2306 described above. FIG. 24A illustrates a spring member 2404that includes a portion that protrudes into the latching region 2302(FIG. 23A), as well as a base 2405 that is configured to be secured tothe frame member 2300. The spring member 2404 may be a unitary componentformed of metal, polymer, or any other suitable material.

FIG. 24B illustrates an example cam latch 2408, which may be used inplace of the cam latch 2308 and which may be configured to interfacewith the spring member 2404 (or another spring member such as the springmember 2304). FIG. 24B shows the path that the spring member 2404 (e.g.,the portion of the spring member 2404 that protrudes into the latchingregion) would follow along the cam latch 2408 as the bottom housingmember 2306 is attached to the frame member 2300. In particular, as thebottom housing member 2306 is initially engaged with the frame member2300, the spring member 2404 moves along the path 2412 and slides over afirst cam surface 2410. After clearing the first cam surface 2410, thebottom housing member 2306 is rotated such that the spring member 2404moves along path 2414, sliding over a first retention feature 2416 andinto a blind end 2418 of the cam latch 2408. At this stage, the firstretention feature 2416 and the biasing force of the spring member 2404retain the spring member 2404 in the blind end 2418, thereby retainingthe bottom housing member 2306 in a closed configuration.

FIG. 24C illustrates the cam latch 2408, showing the path that thespring member 2404 would follow along the cam latch 2408 as the bottomhousing member 2306 is detached from the frame member 2300. Inparticular, the bottom housing member 2306 is rotated so that the springmember 2404 slides over the first retention feature 2416 along path2420. Once clear of the first retention feature 2416, the bottom housingmember 2306 is pulled axially away from the frame member 2300, movingthe spring member 2404 along the path 2422. The bottom housing member2306 is then rotated to move the spring member 2404 along the path 2424,and then finally pulled axially to slide the spring member along asecond cam surface 2425, following the path 2426, thereby detaching thebottom housing member 2306 from the frame member 2300.

The interactions and engagements between the features of the cam latch2408 (e.g., the cam surfaces and retention feature) and the springmember 2404 may each require an overcoming force to be applied to thebottom housing member 2306, and may produce tactile sensations orfeedback that are detectable by a user. These forces and feedbacks mayhelp retain the bottom housing member 2306 in desired positions, andalso provide useful physical information to the user.

FIGS. 25A-25C illustrate another example spring member and cam latchthat may be used with the frame member 2300 and the bottom housingmember 2306 described above. FIG. 25A illustrates a spring member 2504that includes a portion that protrudes into the latching region 2302(FIG. 23A), as well as a base 2505 that is configured to be secured tothe frame member 2300. The spring member 2504 may be a unitary componentformed of metal, polymer, or any other suitable material.

FIG. 25B illustrates an example cam latch 2508, which may be used inplace of the cam latch 2308 or the cam latch 2408 and which may beconfigured to interface with the spring member 2504 (or another springmember such as the spring member 2304). FIG. 25B shows the path that thespring member 2504 (e.g., the portion of the spring member 2504 thatprotrudes into the latching region) would follow along the cam latch2508 as the bottom housing member 2306 is attached to the frame member2300. In particular, as the bottom housing member 2306 is initiallyengaged with the frame member 2300, the spring member 2504 moves alongthe path 2512 and slides over a first cam surface 2510. After clearingthe first cam surface 2510, the spring member 2504 is retained in aretaining area 2514 of the cam latch 2508. At this stage, theoverhanging portion of the first cam surface 2510 and the biasing forceof the spring member 2504 (as well as a second cam surface 2516) retainthe spring member 2504 in the retaining area 2514, thereby retaining thebottom housing member 2306 in a closed configuration.

FIG. 25C illustrates the cam latch 2508, showing the path that thespring member 2504 would follow along the cam latch 2508 as the bottomhousing member 2306 is detached from the frame member 2300. Inparticular, the bottom housing member 2306 is rotated so that the springmember 2504 slides along the second cam surface 2516 along path 2518.The bottom housing member 2306 is then pulled axially away from theframe member 2300, moving the spring member 2504 along the path 2520,thereby detaching the bottom housing member 2306 from the frame member2300.

The interactions and engagements between the features of the cam latch2508 (e.g., the cam surfaces and retention feature) and the springmember 2504 may each require an overcoming force to be applied to thebottom housing member 2306, and may produce tactile sensations orfeedback that are detectable by a user. These forces and feedbacks mayhelp retain the bottom housing member 2306 in desired positions, andalso provide useful physical information to the user.

As noted above, wirelessly locatable tags may include audio systems thatare configured to produce audio outputs. Audio outputs from a wirelesslylocatable tag may be used to help a user locate the tag. For example,when a user is attempting to locate a lost tag, the user may use asmartphone to wirelessly command the tag to produce an audible soundsuch as a beeping or other audible tone (e.g., constant tone, song,etc.). More particularly, the smartphone may send an audio requestsignal to the tag, which may in turn cause the tag to produce an audibleoutput with an audio system.

FIGS. 26A-26B depict partial cross-sectional views of the tag 500,showing an example configuration of an audio system, as well asillustrating various operational modes of the audio system. As shown inFIG. 26A, the audio system of the tag 500 may include a coil 504 coupledto a top housing member 502. The coil 504 may include multiple turns ofa conductor (e.g., a metal wire) at least partially embedded in a matrixor potting material, such as an epoxy, resin, or other suitablematerial. The coil 504 may be attached to the inner surface of the tophousing member 502 using any suitable method, such as with an adhesive2600 (as shown), ultrasonic welding, or the like. In some cases, abobbin or other base structure for the coil 504 may be formed as aunitary structure with the top housing member 502. For example, asingle-piece molded or 3D-printed top housing member 502 may include anintegrated bobbin around which a conductor is wound to produce the coil504. As another example, conductors forming the coil may be plated ontoa bobbin that is integrally formed with the top housing member 502(e.g., using laser direct structuring or another suitable plating ormetallization technique). Other techniques for forming a coil and/orintegrating a coil with a top housing member 502 are also contemplated.

The coil 504 may be proximate a magnet assembly 506. The magnet assembly506 may be any suitable material and may be formed of a single piece ofmagnetic material, or it may be formed of or include multiple componentsattached to one another, as shown with respect to FIG. 27A. The tag 500may also include a hard-stop 520 that limits deflection of the tophousing member 502. As described herein, the gap between the top of thehard-stop 520 and the inner surface of the top housing member 502 may beequal to or less than a threshold distance, such as about 500 microns,400 microns, 300 microns, 200 microns, 100 microns, or 50 microns.

The tag 500 may use the coil 504 to move a portion of the top housingmember 502 to cause the top housing member 502 to act as a diaphragm toproduce audible outputs. For example, when an audio output is required,an appropriate signal is applied to the coil 504 (which is in a magneticfield produced by the magnet assembly 506), thereby producing Lorentzforces that act on the coil 504 (indicated by arrows 2602). The Lorentzforces on the coil 504 cause the top housing member 502 to move,oscillate, vibrate, or otherwise move (indicated by arrows 2604) toproduce an audible and optionally tactile output. In some cases, the tophousing member 502 locally deflects or deforms to produce the audibleand/or tactile output. For example, the central portion of the tophousing member 502 may deflect or deform to produce the audible and/ortactile outputs, while other portions of the top housing member 502(e.g., a peripheral portion that is coupled to the antenna assembly 508)remains substantially stationary and/or otherwise does not contribute tothe production of sound waves.

The audio system, as well as the portion of the top housing member 502that deflects or deforms to produce audio and/or tactile outputs, may beconfigured to permit or facilitate the production of audio within atarget frequency range. For example, the audio system may be configuredto produce sound within a range of about 1 kHz to 4 kHz, 1 kHz to 3 kHz,or any other suitable range. This range may be beneficial due to therelative sensitivity of human hearing to different frequencies, as wellas the ability to perceive the location of a sound. For example, humanears are more sensitive to sounds between about 1 kHz to 4 kHz. Also,based at least in part on the distance between a human's ears, humanscan more easily perceive the location of a sound that is at or below 3kHz (as the location may be perceived without requiring head movement).Accordingly, a range of about 1 kHz to 3 kHz is within a typical rangeof peak hearing sensitivity and enables simple auditory localization ofthe tag (e.g., without requiring head movement to perceive the sound'slocation). Audible outputs (or ultrasonic outputs, which may be producedby the audio system instead of or in addition to audible outputs) mayalso be detected by one or multiple microphones on another device (e.g.,a smartphone, earbuds, etc.), and that device may use beamforming orother direction-finding techniques to determine or estimate the positionof the tag based on the detected audible sounds. In some cases, multipledevices, each with one or more microphone, cooperate to estimate theposition of a tag (e.g., by comparing their own position estimates orotherwise cooperating to produce one position estimate).

The materials and dimensions of the top housing member 502 may also beconfigured to facilitate the use of the top housing member 502 as anaudio-producing diaphragm. For example, the materials and dimensions maybe selected so that the top housing member 502 is sufficiently flexibleto allow the top housing member 502 to be deflected and/or deformed bythe force produced by the coil 504. In some cases, the top housingmember 502 may be formed of or include a polymer material, such as apolymer, reinforced polymer, carbon fiber, or the like. The top housingmember 502 may have a thickness of about 300 microns, 400 microns, 450microns, 500 microns, 550 microns, or any other suitable thickness. Insome cases, a portion of the top housing member 502 that deforms orbends to produce the audible and/or tactile output has a thicknessbetween about 300 and 550 microns, while other portions of the tophousing member 502 have different thicknesses (e.g., are thicker orthinner). Other thicknesses and dimension are also possible.

In embodiments where the audio system of the tag 500 uses the tophousing member 502 as a diaphragm to produce audible and/or tactileoutputs, the tag 500 may use the components of the audio system todetect inputs applied to the top housing member 502. FIG. 26Billustrates the tag 500 as a finger 2606 is applying an input force onthe top housing member 502. This input may correspond to a press orsqueeze of the tag 500, and may result in the top housing member 502deforming such that the inner or bottom surface of the top housingmember 502 moves downward, towards the magnet assembly 506, as indicatedby arrow 2608. The movement of the top housing member 502 results in thecoil 504 moving downward as well, as indicated by arrow 2610. Becausethe coil 504 is moving while it is in the magnetic field produced by themagnet assembly 506, a current may be produced in the coil 504 due tothe electromagnetic interaction between a conductor moving in thepresence of magnetic flux. This current may be detected by the tag 500and may indicate that an input has been detected.

When the tag 500 detects a current indicative of a threshold amount ofmotion of the top housing member 502, the tag 500 may take one or moreactions. For example, the tag 500 may initiate a pairing mode(optionally including changing the operation of one or more radios ofthe tag to facilitate communication with other devices), turn the tag500 on or off, change a mode of operation of the tag 500, causeinformation to be sent via one or more of the tag's wirelesscommunications systems (e.g., to a remote service, to a mobile phone,etc.), activate or deactivate an audio or tactile output, or the like.

The current produced in the coil 504 as a result of a deflection of thetop housing member 502 may also be used to provide power to the tag 500for tag operations and/or to charge the battery 514. The power may beharvested each time an input is provided, or it may be harvested whencertain conditions are met (e.g., when a certain number or frequency ofdeflections is detected, when the battery is below a threshold chargelevel, etc.). In some cases, a tag without a battery (or with a fullydischarged or dead battery) may be temporarily powered by the userdeflecting the top housing member one or more times (e.g., using anumber and frequency of deflections that is sufficient to at leastmomentarily power the tag). If certain conditions are satisfied, the tagmay perform one or more actions in response to a repeated deflection.For example, if the battery is dead or missing and a sufficient powerthreshold is reached from repeated deflections of the top housingmember, the tag may send a location report (as described with respect toFIGS. 2A-2C), along with an indication that the tag is out of power.

As noted above, tags may use other types of input systems or devices maybe used to detect inputs to the tag, in addition to or instead ofdetecting current produced in a coil of an audio system. For example, adome switch, tactile dome switch, or other electromechanical switchingsystem may be positioned between the top housing member 502 and themagnet assembly 506 (or any other underlying component). When the tophousing member 502 is deflected by a user, as shown in FIG. 26B, thedome switch or electromechanical switching component may be actuated andthe corresponding input detected. In some cases, the magnet assembly 506may define an opening, and the dome switch or other electromechanicalswitching system may be positioned in the opening. In such cases, thedome switch or other electromechanical switching system may be attachedto the circuit board 510, the main frame member 512, or anotherunderlying component.

Another type of switching mechanism that may be included in a tagincludes conductive contacts attached to the top housing member 502 andan underlying component. For example, a first conductive contact, suchas a metal sheet, foil, or other component, may be attached to theinterior surface of the top housing member 502 (e.g., at a center of thetop housing member 502, such as aligned with the central opening of thehard-stop 520), and one or more second conductive contacts may bepositioned below the first conductive contact. When the top housingmember 502 is deflected, as shown in FIG. 26B, the first conductivecontact may contact the one or more second conductive contacts, and thetag may detect the resulting contact, for example, by detecting a changein conductivity between the conductive contacts. As a specific example,the tag may include two second conductive contacts, and the firstconductive contact may be configured to conductively couple the twosecond conductive contacts when the top housing member 502 is depressed.The tag may detect the input by detecting continuity between the twosecond conductive contacts. Other arrangements of conductive contactsare also contemplated.

Other techniques for detecting deflection of the top housing member 502are also contemplated, including but not limited to capacitive sensors,force sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and optical sensors. Further, othertypes of input systems may be provided in addition to or in place ofinput systems that detect deflection of the top housing member 502. Forexample, the tag may include buttons, switches, accelerometers (e.g.,for detecting shake or tap inputs), or the like.

FIG. 27A is an exploded view of a portion of the tag 500. In particular,FIG. 27A shows the coil 504 and an exploded view of the magnet assembly506 according to one example implementation. The magnet assembly 506includes a top plate 2700, an under yoke 2702 (e.g., a metal yoke), anda magnet 2704. The top plate 2700 and the under yoke 2702 may be formedof or include a metal material such as steel. The top plate 2700 and theunder yoke 2702 may cooperate to direct magnetic flux produced by themagnet 2704 along a desired area, and to help reduce leakage fluxoutside of the tag 500. Minimizing or otherwise reducing the amountand/or strength of leakage flux (e.g., magnetic flux from the magnet2704 that extends outside of the housing of the tag 500) may helpprevent the magnetic flux from interfering with or damaging otherobjects or devices such as credit cards, magnetometers in other devices,or the like.

FIG. 27B illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of a portion of thetag 500, showing example magnetic flux lines in relation to the magnetassembly 506 and the top housing member 502. The magnet 2704 may producemagnetic flux, while the top plate 2700 and the under yoke 2702 guide orfocus the magnetic flux. For example, the top plate 2700 and the underyoke 2702 may be configured to concentrate flux in the gap 2708 wherethe coil 504 is positioned. By concentrating flux in the gap 2708, theamount of flux 2706 leaking out beyond the exterior of the tag 500 maybe maintained at an acceptable level (e.g., below a threshold level fordemagnetizing credit cards).

The physical design of the tag 500 may also contribute to the managementof leakage flux. For example, the top housing member 502 and the magnetassembly 506 may be configured so that the distance from the magnetassembly 506 (e.g., the top of the magnet assembly) to the exteriorsurface of the top housing member 502 (e.g., the portion of the exteriorsurface of the top housing member 502 that is nearest the magnetassembly 506) is equal to or greater than a threshold distance. Forexample, in some cases, the threshold distance is about 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm,2.0 mm, or any other suitable distance.

FIGS. 26A-27B illustrate an example coil 504 in which conductors (e.g.,wires) are at least partially embedded in a potting material, and thepotted conductor is attached to the top housing member 502. FIGS.28A-28D illustrate other example coil configurations that may be usedwith a wirelessly locatable tag as described herein. FIG. 28Aillustrates an example coil 2800 that includes a bobbin 2802 and aconductive coil 2804. The bobbin 2802 may be a ring-like structure aboutwhich the conductive coil 2804 is wound. The bobbin 2802 may be formedfrom or include a metal (e.g., an aluminum or other metal sheet orfoil), polymer, or any other suitable material. The conductive coil 2804may include a plurality of turns of a conductor such as a wire (e.g.,copper wire).

FIG. 28B is a partial cross-sectional view of a tag, showing how thecoil 2800 may be integrated with the components of the tag. Inparticular, the bobbin 2802 of the coil is attached to the interior orbottom surface of the top housing member 2806 (which may be anembodiment of the top housing member 502). The bobbin 2802 may beattached to the top housing member 2806 using an adhesive 2810, such asan epoxy, or other suitable adhesive or attachment mechanism ortechnique. The coil 2800 is positioned on the top housing member 2806such that the conductive coil 2804 is in a magnetic flux field producedby a magnet assembly 2808 (which may be an embodiment of the magnetassembly 506).

FIG. 28C is a partial cross-sectional view of a tag, showing anotherexample of how the coil 2800 may be integrated with the components ofthe tag. In FIG. 28C, the bobbin 2802 is attached to the top housingmember 2806 using the adhesive 2810, as shown in FIG. 28B, but alsoincludes a shroud 2812 extending from the top housing member 2806 to themagnet assembly 2808 (or to another component inside the tag). Theshroud 2812 may be formed of or include a flexible material, such as apolyester or other polymer film, and may be configured to deform whenthe tag produces audible and/or tactile outputs by moving the tophousing member 2806 with the coil 2800. The shroud 2812 may beconfigured to protect the coil 2800 from debris or other contaminantsthat may affect the physical and/or electrical operation of the coil2800.

FIG. 28D is a partial cross-sectional view of a tag, showing how anothercoil 2814 may be integrated with the components of the tag. The coil2814 in FIG. 28D includes a bobbin 2816 and conductive coil 2817, whichare similar to the bobbin 2802 and conductive coil 2804, except that thebobbin 2816 includes a mounting flange portion 2818 that extends at anangle relative to the portion of the bobbin that is attached to theconductive coil 2817. The mounting flange portion 2818 may provide alarger contact area between the bobbin 2816 and the top housing member2806 as compared to the bobbin 2802. The mounting flange portion 2818may be secured to the top housing member 2806 via an adhesive 2820,which may be an epoxy, an adhesive film, a pressure, heat, ortemperature sensitive adhesive, or any other suitable adhesive. In somecases a shroud, such as the shroud 2812, may be included in theimplementation shown in FIG. 28D.

As described above, audible and/or tactile outputs from a tag may beproduced with an audio system that uses an electromagnetic coil and amagnet (a system that may be similar to a voice coil motor) to deflector deform the top housing member of the tag. This is merely one exampleaudio system that may be used to produce such outputs, however, andother audio systems may be used instead of or in place of the coil andmagnet arrangements described herein. FIGS. 29A-30 illustrate otherexample audio systems that may be used to produce audible and/or tactileoutputs.

FIGS. 29A-29B illustrate examples in which piezoelectric elements areused to deflect and/or deform a top housing member of a tag to produceaudible and/or tactile outputs, using a portion of the top housingmember as a speaker diaphragm. FIG. 29A illustrates a portion of anexample top housing member 2900, which may be an embodiment of the tophousing member 502. A piezoelectric element 2902 is attached to theinner or bottom surface of the top housing member 2900 (e.g., using anadhesive or any other suitable fastening technique). The piezoelectricelement 2902 may be a piezoelectric unimorph or bimorph. In order tocause the top housing member 2900 to deform or deflect, the tag mayapply an electrical signal or current to the piezoelectric element 2902,thereby causing the piezoelectric element 2902 to bend (indicated byarrows 2904). Due to a secure attachment between the piezoelectricelement 2902 and the top housing member 2900, the bending of thepiezoelectric element 2902 may cause the top housing member 2900 todeflect or deform (indicated by arrows 2906) in a manner that producesaudible and/or tactile outputs.

FIG. 29A illustrates an example in which a single piezoelectric element2902 is attached to a center of the top housing member 2900, though thisis merely one example implementation of an audio system that uses apiezoelectric element. FIG. 29B illustrates an example in which multipleseparate piezoelectric elements 2910 are attached to the inner or bottomsurface of the top housing member 2900. In particular, the piezoelectricelements 2910 are positioned in a corner where the top wall of the tophousing member 2900 joins the side wall of the top housing member 2900.A tag using this arrangement may use two more piezoelectric elements2910 spaced about the periphery of the top housing member 2900. In thecase where two piezoelectric elements 2910 are used, they may bepositioned opposite one another (e.g., with the two piezoelectricelements defining a line through a center of the shape defined by thetop housing member 2900). The piezoelectric elements 2910 may beunimorph or bimorph piezoelectric elements.

In order to cause the top housing member 2900 to deform or deflect, thetag may apply an electrical signal or current to the piezoelectricelements 2910, thereby causing the piezoelectric elements 2910 to bend(indicated by arrows 2912). Due to a secure attachment between thepiezoelectric elements 2910 and the top housing member 2900, the bendingof the piezoelectric elements 2910 may cause the top housing member 2900to deflect or deform (indicated by arrows 2914) in a manner thatproduces audible and/or tactile outputs.

The piezoelectric elements 2910 may be mounted remote from the portionof the top housing member that moves the greatest amount during anaudible or tactile output, and may use the structure of the top housingmember 2900 to amplify the amount of deflection of the piezoelectricelements 2910. For example, by positioning the piezoelectric elements2910 in the corners of the top housing member 2900 as shown in FIG. 29B,small deflections of the piezoelectric elements 2910 may produce largerdeflections at the center of the top housing member 2900.

The piezoelectric elements 2902, 2910 may be conductively connected toone or more electronic components and/or circuit elements. Theelectronic components and/or circuit elements may be positioned on acircuit board (e.g., the circuit board 510), and may be configured toprovide electrical signals to the piezoelectric elements that cause themto deform in a manner that produces an audible and/or tactile outputfrom the top housing member 2900.

FIG. 30 illustrates another example configuration of an audio system fora tag. In particular, FIG. 30 illustrates an example top housing member3000 (which may be an embodiment of the top housing member 502) with anaudio system 3001 positioned below the top housing member 3000. Theaudio system 3001 may be configured to direct sound through one or moreopenings 3006 that extend through the top housing member 3000.

The audio system 3001 may include an enclosure 3002 that defines aninternal volume 3008. A speaker 3004 may be coupled to the enclosure3002 or otherwise configured to direct sound into the internal volume3008. The internal volume 3008 may have an opening that is aligned withor otherwise communicates with the openings 3006 in the top housingmember 3000. Accordingly, sound from the speaker 3004 may be directedthrough the internal volume 3008 and out of the openings 3006 (asindicated by arrow 3010). The enclosure 3002 may be attached to the tophousing member 3000 (e.g., via adhesive, fasteners, ultrasonic welding,etc.), or it may be attached to another component of a tag (e.g., anantenna assembly) and positioned such that it communicates audio throughthe openings in a top housing member. In tags that include an audiosystem with a speaker within an enclosure, the tag may employ screens,membranes, water ejection systems, or other systems or techniques toprevent the ingress of water, dust, or other contaminants into the audiosystem and/or the tag as a whole.

For tags in which the top housing member is deflected and/or deformed inorder to produce audible and/or tactile outputs, the top housing membermay be configured to be sufficiently flexible so that it can bedeflected and/or deformed by a voice coil motor, piezoelectric element,or other actuator. In some cases, the top housing member may be aunitary structure formed of a single piece of material. In other cases,it may include multiple components or segments that together define thetop housing member. FIGS. 31A-34C illustrate several different exampletop housing members that may be used with wirelessly locatable tags asdescribed herein. The top housing members in FIGS. 31A-34C may beembodiments of the top housing member 502, or any other top housingmember described herein.

FIGS. 31A-31C illustrate an example top housing member 3100 that may beformed of a single piece of material. The top housing member 3100 may beformed from a polymer material such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS), polyamide, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), or any other suitablepolymer material (including fiber reinforced polymer materials). Inother cases, the top housing member 3100 may be formed of metal.

FIG. 31A shows the outer surface of the top housing member 3100, whichmay define an exterior surface of the tag. As shown, the outer surfaceof the top housing member 3100 is substantially featureless (e.g.,devoid of seams, gaps, grooves, discontinuities, displays, buttons, orother features). In other implementations, however, the outer surfacemay define or include such features.

FIG. 31B shows an underside view of the top housing member 3100. The tophousing member 3100 may define reinforcing ribs 3102, which may beintegrally formed with the rest of the top housing member 3100. Forexample, the top housing member 3100 may be molded as a single piecewith the reinforcing ribs 3102. The top housing member 3100 may alsodefine a coil attachment region 3104 where a coil (e.g., the coil 504)of an audio system may be attached to the top housing member 3100. Thecoil attachment region 3104 may be a substantially featureless surface,or it may include grooves, cavities, attachment elements, or otherfeatures.

FIG. 31C is a cross-sectional view of the top housing member 3100,viewed along line 31C-31C in FIG. 31A. As shown, the top housing member3100 may not have a uniform thickness. For example, in some cases acentral portion of the top housing member 3100 (e.g., at and/or aroundthe coil attachment region 3104) may be thinner than a sidewall portionof the top housing member 3100. This may provide increased flexibilityat the area of the top housing member 3100 that needs to deflect and/ordeform to produce audible and/or tactile outputs.

FIGS. 32A-32C illustrate an example top housing member 3200 that mayinclude multiple components. FIG. 32A shows the outer surface of the tophousing member 3200, which may define an exterior surface of the tag.The top housing member 3200 may include a peripheral member 3202, acentral member 3204, and a compliant member 3206. The peripheral member3202 may define a peripheral wall and a top wall, with the top walldefining an opening in which the central member 3204 may be at leastpartially positioned. The peripheral wall of the peripheral member 3202may define a peripheral side wall (and thus the exterior peripheral sidesurface) of the tag.

The compliant member 3206 may be formed from a more flexible materialthan the peripheral member 3202 and the central member 3204. Forexample, the peripheral member 3202 (which may define a side wall of thetop housing member 3200) and the central member 3204 (which may define atop outer surface of the top housing member 3200) may be formed from afirst polymer material such as an ABS, PMMA, and the compliant member3206 may be formed from a second polymer material that is more flexiblethan the first polymer material, such as silicone, thermoplasticpolyurethane (TPU), or the like. The compliant member 3206 may beconfigured to allow the central member 3204 to move more freely relativeto the peripheral member 3202 than would occur if the central andperipheral members were a unitary structure (such as the top housingmember 3100).

FIG. 32B shows an underside view of the top housing member 3200. The tophousing member 3200 may define reinforcing ribs 3208, which may beintegrally formed with the peripheral member 3202. The central member3204 may define a coil attachment region 3210, which may be similar tothe coil attachment region 3104, described above.

FIG. 32C is a cross-sectional view of the top housing member 3200,viewed along line 32C-32C in FIG. 32A. As shown, the portion of thecompliant member 3206 that is visible on the outer surface of the tophousing member 3200 may only be a part of the compliant member 3206.More particularly, the compliant member 3206 may extend along a portionof the inner or bottom surface of the central member 3204, and maymechanically couple the central member 3204 to the peripheral member3202. The compliant member 3206 may define an opening that exposes thecoil attachment region 3210 so that the coil can be attached directly tothe central member 3204, thereby directly transferring force to thecentral member 3204. In some cases, the part of the compliant member3206 that is exposed adjacent the outer surfaces of the central andperipheral members are flush with the central and peripheral members, asillustrated in FIG. 32C. In other cases, the part of the compliantmember 3206 that is exposed may be recessed or proud relative to theperipheral and central members. FIG. 33C, for example, illustrates anembodiment in which a compliant member is recessed relative to thecentral and peripheral members.

The top housing member 3200 may be formed by a co-injection molding orinsert molding technique, where the central and peripheral members areformed first (and optionally inserted into a second mold after they areformed), and then the material of the compliant member 3206 is injectedinto the mold and against the central and peripheral members. This maycause the compliant member to be formed into the target shape, as wellas to secure the material of the compliant member to the central andperipheral members (e.g., via chemical and/or adhesive bonding betweenthe materials, and/or via mechanical interlocking between thecomponents).

The decreased stiffness of the compliant member 3206 relative to thecentral and peripheral members may increase the amount of movement ofthe central member that is achieved for a given coil force, as comparedto a single-piece top housing member. This, in turn, may improve theefficiency of the tag with respect to producing audible and/or tactileoutputs. Further, the lower force requirement may allow the use ofsmaller coils, magnets, piezoelectric elements, or other force-producingelements of an audio system. Additionally, embodiments of top housingmembers that use separate central and peripheral members may employ adifferent mode of deformation or deflection than single-piece housingmembers. That is, the central member 3204 itself deforms less than thecentral region of a single-piece top housing member, and instead movesmore vertically (e.g., like a plate moving along a vertical path).Stated another way, whereas a single-piece top housing member may bedeformed in a bulge-like shape to produce audible and/or tactileoutputs, the central member 3204 of the top housing member 3200 mayremain substantially undeformed while it is moved vertically up and down(e.g., in a largely or entirely translational movement) to produce suchoutputs. In cases where the central member of the top housing member isseparate from the peripheral member, the central member may be thickerand/or stiffer than a central member of a single-piece top housingmember.

FIGS. 33A-33C illustrate another example top housing member 3300 thatmay include multiple components. FIG. 33A shows the outer surface of thetop housing member 3300, which may define an exterior surface of thetag. The top housing member 3300 may define a peripheral member 3302, acentral member 3304, and a compliant member 3306. The peripheral member3302 may define a peripheral wall and a top wall, with the top walldefining an opening in which the central member 3304 may be at leastpartially positioned. The peripheral wall of the peripheral member 3302may define a peripheral side wall (and thus the exterior peripheral sidesurface) of the tag.

The compliant member 3306 may be formed from a more flexible materialthan the peripheral member 3302 and the central member 3304. Forexample, the peripheral member 3302 (which may define a side wall of thetop housing member 3300) and the central member 3304 (which may define atop outer surface of the top housing member 3300) may be formed from afirst polymer material such as an ABS, PMMA, and the compliant member3306 may be formed from a second polymer material that is more flexiblethan the first polymer material, such as silicone, thermoplasticpolyurethane (TPU), or the like. The compliant member 3306 may beconfigured to allow the central member 3304 to move more freely relativeto the peripheral member 3302 than would occur if the central andperipheral members were a unitary structure (such as the top housingmember 3100).

FIG. 33B shows an underside view of the top housing member 3300. The tophousing member 3300 may define reinforcing ribs 3308, which may beintegrally formed with the peripheral member 3302. The central member3304 may define a coil attachment region 3310, which may be similar tothe coil attachment region 3104, described above.

FIG. 33C is a cross-sectional view of the top housing member 3300,viewed along line 33C-33C in FIG. 33A. As shown, the portion of thecompliant member 3306 that is visible on the outer surface of the tophousing member 3300 may only be a part of the compliant member 3306.More particularly, the compliant member 3306 may extend along a portionof the inner or bottom surface of the central member 3304, and maymechanically couple the central member 3304 to the peripheral member3302. The compliant member 3306 may define an opening that exposes thecoil attachment region 3310 so that the coil can be attached directly tothe central member 3304, thereby directly transferring force to thecentral member 3304. The part of the compliant member 3306 that isexposed may be recessed relative to the peripheral and central members.

The top housing member 3300 may be formed by a co-injection molding orinsert molding technique, as described above with respect to the tophousing member 3200. Further, like the top housing member 3200, the tophousing member 3300 may be configured to produce audible and/or tactileoutputs using substantially linear movement (with no or only nominaldeformation) of the central member 3304, rather than a bending ordeformation mode (as is the case with the unitary top housing member3100). In some cases, the central member 3304 may translate relative tothe peripheral member 3302 to produce the audible output.

FIGS. 34A-34C illustrate another example top housing member 3400 thatmay include multiple components. FIG. 34A shows the outer surface of thetop housing member 3400, which may define an exterior surface of thetag. The top housing member 3400 may define a peripheral member 3402,and a compliant member 3406. The compliant member 3406 defines a centralregion of the top housing member 3400, which is part of the exteriorsurface of the top housing member 3400 and thus part of the exteriorsurface of the device that uses the top housing member 3400. Thecompliant member 3406 may be formed of similar materials as thecompliant members 3206, 3306 (e.g., silicone, thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU), or the like).

FIG. 34B shows an underside view of the top housing member 3400. The tophousing member 3400 may define reinforcing ribs 3408, which may beintegrally formed with the peripheral member 3402. The top housingmember 3400 may also include a central member 3404 that is below thecompliant member 3406. The central member 3404 may be formed from a morerigid material than the compliant member (and may be the same materialas the peripheral member 3402). The central member 3404 may define acoil attachment region 3410, which may be similar to the coil attachmentregion 3104, described above. By providing the central member 3404 belowthe compliant member 3406, and leaving the central member 3404 exposedon the interior side of the top housing member 3400, the coil can attachdirectly to the relatively central member 3404 and use the stiffness ofthe central member 3404 to more efficiently translate the movement ofthe coil into vertical motion of the central member of the top housingmember 3400 (as compared, for example, to a top housing member 3400without the central member). The vertical motion may correspond to atranslation of the central member 3404 relative to the peripheral member3402.

FIG. 34C is a cross-sectional view of the top housing member 3400,viewed along line 34C-34C in FIG. 34A. As shown, the compliant member3406 defines substantially all of the top exterior surface of the tophousing member 3400, and the central member 3404 does not define anypart of the exterior of the top housing member 3400.

The top housing member 3400 may be formed by a co-injection molding orinsert molding technique, as described above with respect to the tophousing member 3200. Further, like the top housing member 3200, the tophousing member 3400 may be configured to produce audible and/or tactileoutputs using substantially linear movement (with no or only nominaldeformation) of the central member 3404 (and the overlying part of thecompliant member 3406), rather than a bending or deformation mode (as isthe case with the unitary top housing member 3100).

The wirelessly locatable tags described above are described with respectto one example form factor and configuration. For example, FIGS. 3A-34Cillustrate example wirelessly locatable tags that have a generallyround, puck-shaped design, with a battery door (e.g., bottom housingmember) that can be detached from the rest of the tag to allow thebattery to be swapped. However, the same or similar systems andfunctions described with respect to the generally puck-shapedconfigurations may be incorporated into tags having other form factors.FIGS. 35A-58C illustrate several example wirelessly locatable tagshaving various different form factors, battery cavity access systems,housing components, and the like.

FIG. 35A illustrates an example tag 3500 that uses a battery accessmechanism instead of a removable battery door to provide access to abattery cavity. The tag 3500 includes a body portion 3502 and aperipheral portion 3504. The body portion 3502 has a generally round,puck-shaped configuration, and the peripheral portion 3504 extendsaround the periphery of the body portion 3502. The body portion 3502 maydefine the top and bottom surfaces of the tag 3500, while the peripheralportion 3504 defines the peripheral side surface(s) of the tag 3500.

The peripheral portion 3504 may be manipulated relative to the bodyportion 3502 to cause a battery cavity to be exposed. For example, auser may rotate the peripheral portion 3504 about the body portion 3502while holding the body portion 3502 stationary (as indicated by arrow3506). As shown in FIG. 35B, this manipulation may cause the bodyportion 3502 to move axially out from the inner area of the peripheralportion 3504 (as indicated by arrow 3508), thereby exposing a batterycavity 3512 to allow a battery 3510 to be removed and/or replaced. FIG.35C shows the battery 3510 being removed from the battery cavity 3512.The tag 3500 may be closed by rotating the peripheral portion 3504 aboutthe body portion 3502 (while holding the body portion 3502 stationary)in the direction opposite that which is used to open the tag 3500. Whenthe tag 3500 is closed, the peripheral portion 3504 may help retain thebattery 3510 in the battery cavity 3512.

FIGS. 35D-35E are partial cross-sectional views of the tag 3500, viewedalong line 35D-35D in FIG. 35A. These cross-sections are simplified forclarity, and do not show all components of the tag 3500. FIG. 35D showsthe tag 3500 in a closed configuration, while FIG. 35E shows the tag3500 in an open configuration (corresponding to the configuration shownin FIG. 35C). The top and bottom surfaces of the body portion 3502 maystay the same distance apart when the body portion 3502 is extended asshown in FIG. 35E. Thus, for example, when the peripheral portion 3504is twisted to cause the body portion 3502 to extend axially and exposethe battery cavity 3512, a recess 3514 is formed due to the movement ofthe body portion 3502.

FIG. 36A is an exploded view of a portion of tag 3609, illustratingdetails of a mechanism that facilitates the opening and closing of thetag 3609 in a manner similar to that of the tag 3500 shown in FIGS.35A-35E. The mechanism shown in FIGS. 36A-36B causes the body portion toexpand or extend such that the bottom surface of the body portionremains in place relative to the peripheral portion, and only the topsurface moves upwards to expose the battery cavity.

The tag 3609 includes an upper body portion 3603, which defines abattery cavity 3607, and a lower body portion 3604. Together, the upperand lower body portions 3603, 3604 may define some or all of a bodyportion of the tag 3609. The upper body portion 3603 may define a topexterior surface of the tag 3609 while the lower body portion 3604defines a bottom exterior surface of the tag 3609. The lower bodyportion 3604 may include and/or support device components 3610. Thedevice components 3610 may include circuit boards, circuit elements,processors, memory, sensors, radio circuitry (including antennas) forvarious wireless communications (e.g., UWB, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.), orthe like. Indeed, the device components 3610 may include any of thecomponents that are used to provide the functions of a wireless tag asdescribed herein.

The upper body portion 3603 includes guide pins 3601 extending from aperipheral side of the upper body portion 3603. The guide pins 3601 mayengage first guide slots 3602 of a guide ring 3600. The first guideslots 3602 may extend through the guide ring 3600 (as shown), or theymay be blind channels.

The guide ring 3600 may be attached to the peripheral portion 3605 suchthat the peripheral portion 3605 and the guide ring 3600 rotate togetherwhen a rotational force is applied to the peripheral portion 3605 (whilethe body portion is held stationary). The guide ring 3600 may beattached to the peripheral portion 3605 in any suitable way, such aswith adhesives, clips, fasteners, springs, mechanical interlocks, or thelike.

The lower body portion 3604 may define second guide slots 3606 that alsoengage the guide pins 3601 of the upper body portion 3603. Whereas thefirst guide slots 3602 are oriented at a slant relative to the axis ofthe tag 3609, the second guide slots 3606 are parallel to the axis. Whenassembled, the interaction between the guide pins 3601, the first guideslots 3602, and the second guide slots 3606 cause the upper body portion3603 to move axially, relative to the peripheral portion 3605 and thelower body portion 3604, when the peripheral portion 3605 is rotatedabout the body portion. For example, the rotational movement of theguide ring 3600 (caused by rotational movement of the peripheral portion3605) forces the guide pins 3601 to slide within the first guide slots3602, while the second guide slots 3606 prevent the upper body portion3603 from rotating. The combined effect of the interactions between theguide pins 3601 and the first and second guide slots 3602, 3606 causesthe upper body portion 3603 to move axially upward (relative to theorientation in FIG. 36A), thereby exposing the battery cavity 3607. Insome cases, the first and/or second guide slots 3602, 3606 may includebumps, catches, protrusions, or other features that provide a tactileindication that the tag is fully open or fully closed. Such features mayalso help retain the tag in a fully open or closed position. FIG. 36Bshows a partial cross-sectional view of the tag 3609, illustrating howthe lower body portion 3604 remains substantially flush with (orotherwise does not move relative to) the bottom edge of the peripheralportion 3605 when the upper body portion 3603 is extended axiallyupwards to expose the battery cavity 3607.

The tag 3609 may include conductors that conductively couple a batterycontact (that connects to the battery terminals of the battery) to thedevice components 3610. The conductors may be flexible to accommodatethe motion between the upper body portion 3603 and the rest of the tag3609. In other cases, sliding electrical contacts, which may be similarto slip rings, may be used to conductively couple the battery connectorto device components on a different structure of the tag 3609. A similarbattery connector structure may be used for the tag 3500 as well.

FIGS. 37A-37C illustrate another example tag 3700 that uses a batteryaccess mechanism instead of a removable battery door to provide accessto a battery cavity. The tag 3700 includes a body portion 3702 and aperipheral portion 3704. The body portion 3702 has a generally round,puck-shaped configuration, and the peripheral portion 3704 extendsaround the periphery of the body portion 3702. The body portion 3702 maydefine the top and bottom surfaces of the tag 3700, while the peripheralportion 3704 defines the peripheral side surface(s) of the tag 3700.

The peripheral portion 3704 may be manipulated relative to the bodyportion 3702 to cause a battery cavity to be exposed. For example, auser may push the body portion 3702 upward relative to the peripheralportion 3704, as illustrated by the arrows 3706. This may be achieved bya user pushing on the body portion 3702 from the bottom (e.g., with athumb), while pulling down on the peripheral portion 3704.

As shown in FIG. 37B, this manipulation may cause the body portion 3702to move axially upwards relative to the peripheral portion 3704, therebyrevealing the battery cavity 3710. FIG. 37C shows the battery 3712 beingremoved from the battery cavity. Like the tag 3500, the peripheralportion 3704 may help retain the battery 3712 in the battery cavity 3710when the tag 3700 is closed.

The tag 3700 may include guide mechanisms or features (e.g., guide pinsand guide slots that engage the guide pins) to constrain the movement ofthe body portion 3702 relative to the peripheral portion 3704. Forexample, the guide mechanisms or features may guide the body portion3702 so that it moves linearly relative to the peripheral portion 3704and does not rotate relative to the peripheral portion 3704. The guidemechanisms or features may also limit the axial travel of the bodyportion 3702 relative to the peripheral portion 3704 and prevent themfrom separating from one another. Further, the guide mechanisms orfeatures may include detents, latches, catches, or other features thattactilely indicate when the body portion 3702 is in a fully open orfully closed position, and also retain the body portion 3702 in a fullyopen or fully closed position.

FIGS. 38A-38C illustrate another example tag 3800 that uses a batteryaccess mechanism instead of a removable battery door to provide accessto a battery cavity. The tag 3800 includes a body portion 3802 and aperipheral portion 3804. The body portion 3802 has a generally round,puck-shaped configuration, and the peripheral portion 3804 extendsaround the periphery of the body portion 3802. The body portion 3802 maydefine the top and bottom surfaces of the tag 3800, while the peripheralportion 3804 defines the peripheral side surface(s) of the tag 3800.

The peripheral portion 3804 may be manipulated relative to the bodyportion 3802 to cause a battery cavity to be exposed. For example, auser may pivot the peripheral portion 3804 relative to the body portion3802, as illustrated by the arrows 3806. This may be achieved by a usergrasping the peripheral portion 3804 and twisting the peripheral portion3804 about a diametrical axis of the body portion 3802, while holdingthe body portion 3802 stationary (or any equivalent manipulations).

As shown in FIG. 38B, this manipulation may cause the peripheral portion3804 to pivot relative to the body portion 3802, thereby revealing thebattery cavity 3810. FIG. 38C shows the battery 3812 being removed fromthe battery cavity. Like the tag 3500, the peripheral portion 3804 mayhelp retain the battery 3812 in the battery cavity 3810 when the tag3800 is closed.

The tag 3800 may include a pivoting mechanism that pivotally couples theperipheral portion 3804 to the body portion 3802. The pivoting mechanismmay include, for example, a complementary set of pins and receptacles(on the peripheral portion 3804 and body portion 3802) that engage topivotally couple the components together. The tag 3800 may also includetravel limiting features (such as lips, flanges, pins and slots,latches, catches, or other interacting structures) that limit the amountand/or direction that the peripheral portion 3804 can pivot about thebody portion 3802. The tag 3800 may also include detents, latches,catches, or other features that tactilely indicate when the peripheralportion 3804 is in a fully open or fully closed position, relative tothe body portion 3802, and also retain the peripheral portion 3804 in afully open or fully closed position.

FIGS. 39A-39C illustrate another example tag 3900 that uses a batteryaccess mechanism instead of a removable battery door to provide accessto a battery cavity. The tag 3900 includes a body portion 3902 and aperipheral portion 3904. The body portion 3902 has a generally round,puck-shaped configuration, and the peripheral portion 3904 extendsaround the periphery of the body portion 3902. The body portion 3902 maydefine the top and bottom surfaces of the tag 3900, while the peripheralportion 3904 defines the peripheral side surface(s) of the tag 3900.

The peripheral portion 3904 may be formed from a compliant material thatis attached to the body portion 3902 along a seam 3903, as shown in FIG.39B. The peripheral portion 3904 may have a bistable configuration. In afirst stable position (FIG. 39A) the peripheral portion 3904 covers thesides of the body portion 3902 and covers the battery cavity 3910 (FIG.39B), thereby retaining the battery 3912 (FIG. 39B) in the batterycavity. In a second stable configuration, the peripheral portion 3904 isdeflected or deformed downward and, while still attached to the bodyportion 3902 at the seam 3903 (and without requiring an applied force tomaintain the peripheral portion 3904 in the second stableconfiguration), the battery cavity 3910 is exposed to allow the battery3912 to be removed and/or replaced. In some cases, instead of beingbistable, the peripheral portion 3904 may be biased towards the closedconfiguration (FIG. 39A), and the user must hold the peripheral portion3904 in the open configuration while replacing the battery.

The peripheral portion 3904 may be moved to the second configuration bya user applying a rolling or peeling force on the peripheral portion3904. FIGS. 39A-39B show an example rolling force, indicated by arrows3906, that may be applied to the peripheral portion 3904 to expose thebattery cavity 3910. In order to close the tag 3900, a user may apply aforce to the peripheral portion 3904 in an opposite direction (if theperipheral portion 3904 is bistable), or simply cease holding theperipheral portion 3904 open (if the peripheral portion 3904 is biasedto the closed configuration).

The peripheral portion 3904 may be formed from or include a polymermaterial, such as an elastomeric material. The material and the shape ofthe peripheral portion 3904 may cooperate to produce the bistable (ornon-bistable) configurations described above. The peripheral portion3904 may be attached to the body portion 3902 (at the seam 3903) in anysuitable way. For example, the peripheral portion 3904 may bemechanically engaged with the body portion 3902. In some cases, theperipheral portion 3904 and the body portion 3902 may be insert moldedor co-molded to form a mechanical interlock (and optionally chemical oradhesive bond) that attaches the peripheral portion 3904 to the bodyportion 3902.

FIGS. 40A-40C illustrate another example tag 4000 that uses yet anotherhousing configuration to provide access to a battery cavity. The tag4000 includes a first body portion 4002 and a second body portion 4004.The first and second body portions 4002, 4004 may be substantiallysimilar in shape and size. The first body portion 4002 may define a topsurface and about half of a peripheral side surface of the tag 4000,while the second body portion 4004 may define a bottom surface and theother half of the peripheral side surface of the tag 4000.

The first and second body portions 4002, 4004 may be separated from oneanother to reveal a battery cavity 4010 (FIG. 40C) and allow the battery4012 to be swapped. Both the first and the second body portions 4002,4004 may define part of the battery cavity 4010.

The first and second body portions 4002, 4004 may be separated by apress-and-twist interaction, whereby the user must apply an axial force(represented by arrows 4006) prior to and/or while applying a twistingforce (represented by arrow 4008). The user may then separate the firstand second body portions 4002, 4004, as shown in FIG. 40B. The tag 4000may include features such as latches, cam latches, springs, channels,protrusions, or the like to releasably engage the first and second bodyportions 4002, 4004 and allow them to be separated as shown in FIGS.40A-40B. Some examples of such features and/or mechanisms are describedabove with respect to FIGS. 12A-12C and 14A-25C. Accordingly, forbrevity, their details may not be repeated here.

Wirelessly locatable tags may have form factors other than round,puck-shaped tags as shown in various figures of the instant application.Even where other form factors are used, similar features, functions,mechanisms, and systems may be included in the tags. FIGS. 41A-41Cillustrate an example wirelessly locatable tag 4100 that has a generallylozenge-shaped appearance, as compared to the circular, puck-shaped tagsdescribed elsewhere herein.

The tag 4100 may include a first housing member 4102 and a secondhousing member 4104. The second housing member 4104 may be removablefrom the remainder of the tag 4100, and may be removed (e.g., by pullingthe second housing member 4104 along the direction 4106) to expose abattery cavity and battery to facilitate battery replacement. FIG. 41Billustrates the tag 4100 with the second housing member 4104 detachedfrom the tag 4100 and exposing the battery cavity 4110. The tag 4100 mayinclude a frame member 4114. The frame member may at least partiallydefine the battery cavity 4110, and may support other tag componentssuch as a circuit board, antennas, an audio system, and the like.

The tag 4100 may also include a latch mechanism 4116 that releasablyretains the second housing member 4104 to the frame member 4114. Thelatch mechanism 4116 may include an outwardly-biased latching featurethat engages a recess, cavity, or other feature in the second housingmember 4104 to retain the second housing member 4104 to the frame member4114, while also permitting the second housing member 4104 to be removedby a user. The latch mechanism 4116 may include a locking mechanism orcomponent such that a user cannot detach the second housing member 4104simply by pulling on it. For example, the tag 4100 may include a buttonthat must be pushed in order to allow the latch mechanism 4116 torelease the second housing member 4104.

FIG. 41C is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag 4100, viewed alongline 41C-41C in FIG. 41A. FIG. 41C shows the battery 4112 in the batterycavity 4110 defined by the frame member 4114. FIG. 41C furtherillustrates how the latch mechanism 4116 may engage a recess or otherfeature in the second housing member 4104. The latch mechanism 4116 andthe second housing member 4104 may be configured so that the latchmechanism 4116 deflects downward in response to the second housingmember 4104 being attached to the tag. For example, the top of the latchmechanism 4116 may be rounded, chamfered, or otherwise define aninterface surface that, when contacted by the second housing member4104, forces the latch mechanism 4116 to deflect in a way that permitsthe second housing member 4104 to be fully attached.

FIG. 41C also illustrates a circuit board 4122 and an audio system 4120in an area that is at least partially covered by the first housingmember 4102. The circuit board 4122 may include circuit elements,processors, memory, conductors, sensors, antennas, or any othercomponents. Such components may also be positioned elsewhere in or onthe tag 4100. For example, antennas may be integrated with the framemember 4114 in a manner similar to the antenna assembly 508, describedabove.

The audio system 4120 may operate similar to other audio systemsdescribed herein. For example, a coil may be attached to an interiorsurface of the first housing member 4102, and a magnet may provide amagnetic field to allow the coil to operate as a speaker. By passing asignal (e.g., current) through the coil, a portion of the first housingmember 4102 can move in a manner similar to a speaker diaphragm.Further, the audio system 4120 may be used to produce tactile outputsthat a user can feel when touching the first housing member 4102. Ofcourse, other types of audio systems and/or tactile output generatorsmay be used instead of or in addition to the audio system 4120.

FIGS. 42A-42B illustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag 4200that has a generally lozenge-shaped form factor. The tag 4200 includes afirst housing member 4202 that defines all or substantially all of a topsurface and part of the peripheral surface of the tag 4200. The tag 4200also includes a second housing member 4204 that defines part of (e.g.,approximately half of) a bottom surface of the tag 4200 and part of theperipheral surface of the tag 4200. The second housing member 4204 maynot be intended to be removed by a user of the tag 4200. The tag 4200may also include a third housing member 4206, which may also define partof (e.g., approximately half of) the bottom surface of the tag 4200 andpart of the peripheral surface of the tag 4200.

The third housing member 4206 may be removable to provide access to abattery cavity. For example, FIG. 42A illustrates the third housingmember 4206 removed from the rest of the tag 4200. The third housingmember 4206 may define at least part of a battery cavity 4210 for abattery 4212. Features of the third housing member 4206 may engagecorresponding features of the first and/or second housing members 4202,4204, or any other component of the tag 4200 (e.g., a frame member), toretain the third housing member 4206 to the tag 4200 while also allowingit to be removed for battery replacement. Such features may includeclips, latches, detents, or the like. The third housing member 4206 maybe removed from the tag 4200 by prying with a fingernail, tool, or otherimplement inserted in a gap between the third housing member 4206 andanother part of the tag 4200.

In other respects, such as the component set and the function andarrangement of such components (including circuit boards, audio systems,antennas, etc.), the tag 4200 may be substantially similar to the tag4100. Further, the tag 4200 may include any of the components and/orprovide any of the features of any tag described herein.

FIGS. 43A-43C illustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag 4300that has a generally lozenge-shaped form factor. The tag 4300 includes afirst housing member 4302 that defines all or substantially all of a topsurface and part of the peripheral surface of the tag 4300. The tag 4300also includes a second housing member 4304 that defines substantiallyall or part of a bottom surface of the tag 4300 and part of theperipheral surface of the tag 4300. The second housing member 4304 maybe removable from the first housing member 4302 and may define one ormore battery cavities.

The second housing member 4304 may act as a battery tray for the tag4300. The second housing member 4304 may be slidably engaged with thetag 4300. For example, the second housing member 4304 may engage railsor slots of the first housing member 4302 (or defined by any othercomponent of the tag 4300). The second housing member 4304 may beremoved by pulling the second housing member 4304 outwardly (e.g., in adirection parallel to the long axis of the lozenge-shaped tag 4300). Thetag 4300 may include retention features (e.g., clips, latches, lockingmechanisms, etc.) that retain the second housing member 4304 in a closedconfiguration during use, and help prevent accidental removal of thesecond housing member 4304.

FIG. 43B illustrates the tag 4300 with the second housing member 4304removed from the tag 4300. The second housing member 4304 defines twobattery cavities 4310 for receiving two batteries 4312.

FIG. 43C is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag 4300, viewed alongline 43C-43C in FIG. 43A. FIG. 43C shows the batteries 4312 in thebattery cavities 4310 defined by the second housing member 4304. FIG.43C also illustrates a circuit board 4316 and an audio system 4314, bothof which may be mounted on a frame member 4315. The frame member,circuit board, and audio system may all have the same or similarcomponents and may provide the same or similar functions to the otherframe members, circuit boards, and audio systems described herein, andfor brevity their details may not be repeated here. In other respects,such as the component set and the function and arrangement of suchcomponents (including circuit boards, audio systems, antennas, etc.),the tag 4300 may be substantially similar to other tags describedherein.

FIGS. 44A-44C illustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag 4400that has a generally lozenge-shaped form factor. The tag 4400 includes afirst housing member 4402 that defines part of a top surface, part of abottom surface, and part of the peripheral surface of the tag 4400. Thetag 4400 also includes a second housing member 4404 that defines theremaining parts of the top surface, bottom surface, and peripheralsurface of the tag 4400. The second housing member 4404 may be removablefrom the first housing member 4402 and may define a battery cavity.

FIG. 44B shows the tag 4400 with the second housing member 4404 detachedfrom the first housing member 4402. The second housing member 4404 maydefine a battery cavity 4410 for receiving the battery 4412. The firsthousing member 4402 may define a ledge 4406 that engages the secondhousing member 4404 to releasably retain the first and second housingmembers together. The ledge 4406 may include latches, catches,protrusions, channels, recesses, or other features that engagecorresponding features on the second housing member 4404 to hold thefirst and second housing members together, while also allowing them tobe separated by a user to access the battery cavity 4410 to removeand/or replace the battery. Such features may be integral with the ledge4406 and the second housing member 4404, or they may be separatecomponents attached to the ledge 4406 and/or the second housing member4404.

FIG. 44C is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag 4400, viewed alongline 44C-44C in FIG. 44A. FIG. 44C shows the battery 4412 in the batterycavity 4410 defined by the second housing member 4404. FIG. 44C showshow a protrusion defined by or otherwise attached to the ledge 4406 mayengage a corresponding recess along an interior surface of the secondhousing member 4404. The protrusion and recess may retain the first andsecond housing members 4402, 4404 together, while allowing them to bedetached if a user applies a sufficient force to overcome the retentionforce produced by the protrusion and recess (e.g., by pulling themapart).

FIG. 44C also illustrates a circuit board 4416 and an audio system 4414within an internal cavity defined by the first housing member 4402. Thetag 4400 may also include battery connectors 4418, 4420 (FIG. 44B) thatcontact the positive and negative terminals of the battery and providepower from the battery to the circuit board 4416 and/or other electricalcomponents of the tag 4400. The circuit board and audio system may allhave the same or similar components and may provide the same or similarfunctions to the other circuit boards and audio systems describedherein, and for brevity, their details may not be repeated here. Inother respects, such as the component set and the function andarrangement of such components (including circuit boards, audio systems,antennas, etc.), the tag 4400 may be substantially similar to other tagsdescribed herein.

FIGS. 45A-45B illustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag 4500that has a generally lozenge-shaped form factor. The tag 4500 includes aremovable housing member 4506 that can be removed from the rest of thetag 4500 to provide access to a battery cavity 4510. The tag 4500 mayinclude other housing members, such as a first housing member 4502, asecond housing member 4504, and a third housing member 4505, which maybe configured as non-user-removable housing members. In some cases, moreor fewer housing members may be used. For example, a single housingmember may be used instead of the separate first and second housingmembers.

FIG. 45B shows the tag 4500 with the second housing member 4504 detachedfrom the tag 4500. The tag 4500 may include a frame member 4508, and thebattery cavity 4512 may be defined in the frame member 4508. The first,second, and third housing members 4502, 4504, and 4505 may be attachedto the frame member 4508, such as via clips, adhesives, ultrasonicwelding, or the like. The removable housing member 4506 may bereleasably retained to the frame member 4508 via clips, latches,detents, channels, recesses, or any other suitable retention featurethat retains the removable housing member 4506 to the frame (or othercomponent of the tag 4500) while allowing it to be detached if a userapplies a sufficient force to overcome the retention force provided bythe features.

In other respects, such as the component set and the function andarrangement of such components (including circuit boards, audio systems,antennas, etc.), the tag 4500 may be substantially similar to other tagsdescribed herein.

FIGS. 46A-46B illustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag 4600that has a generally lozenge-shaped form factor. The tag 4600 includes afirst housing member 4602 that defines all or substantially all of a topsurface and a bottom surface, and part of the peripheral surface of thetag 4600. The tag 4600 also includes a second housing member 4604 thatdefines a remaining the remaining parts of the peripheral surface of thetag 4600. The second housing member 4604 may be removable from the firsthousing member 4602 and may define a battery cavity. In some cases, moreor fewer housing members may be used. For example, multiple separatehousing members may be used instead of the unitary first housing member4602.

FIG. 46B shows the tag 4600 with the second housing member 4604 detachedfrom the first housing member 4602. The second housing member 4604 maydefine a battery cavity 4610 for receiving the battery 4612. The tag4600 may also include a battery cover 4614 that may be removably coupledto the second housing member 4604. The battery cover 4614 may beretained to the second housing member 4604 via clips, threads, or anyother suitable features. The battery cover 4614 may help preventaccidental release of the battery 4612.

The second housing member 4604 may be releasably retained to the firsthousing member 4602 (or any other suitable component of the tag 4600)via clips, latches, detents, channels, recesses, or any other suitableretention feature that retains the second housing member 4604 to the tag4600) while allowing it to be detached if a user applies a sufficientforce to overcome the retention force provided by the features. In otherrespects, such as the component set and the function and arrangement ofsuch components (including circuit boards, audio systems, antennas,etc.), the tag 4600 may be substantially similar to other tags describedherein.

FIGS. 47A-47C illustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag 4700that has a generally lozenge-shaped form factor. The tag 4700 includes abody portion 4702 and a battery holder 4704. The battery holder 4704 maybe movable relative to the body portion 4702 to reveal a battery cavity.FIG. 47B illustrates the tag 4700 with the battery holder 4704 extended,revealing the battery cavity 4710 so that a battery 4712 may bereplaced.

The body portion 4702 may include a first housing member 4705, which maydefine part of a bottom surface and some or all of the peripheralsurface of the tag 4700, and a second housing member 4703, which maydefine part of a top surface of the tag 4700. The battery holder 4704may also define part of the top surface and part of the bottom surfaceof the tag 4700. More particularly, the top and bottom surfaces of thebattery holder 4704 may define part of the exterior top and bottomsurfaces of the tag 4700 itself. In this way, the battery holder 4704may be manipulated by a user via direct contact with the surfaces of thebattery holder 4704.

The battery holder 4704 may be opened by manipulating the battery holderin a manner similar to that described with respect to the tag 3500(FIGS. 35A-B). For example, while the user holds the body portion 4702,the user may apply a twisting or rotational motion to the battery holder4704 (as indicated by arrow 4701). This manipulation causes the batteryholder 4704 to raise up relative to the body portion 4702, therebyexposing the battery cavity 4710.

FIG. 47C illustrates a partial exploded view of the tag 4700. The firsthousing member 4705 defines a first cavity 4707 and a second cavity4717. The first cavity 4707 may contain device components such ascircuit boards, audio systems, antennas, antenna assemblies, processors,and the like. As noted for other tags, the function and arrangement ofsuch components (including circuit boards, audio systems, antennas,etc.) may be substantially similar to other tags described herein. Thesecond housing member 4703 is coupled to the first housing member 4705to define the exterior surfaces of the body portion 4702 and to at leastpartially enclose the first cavity 4707. (Other configurations ofhousing members may be used instead of the first and second housingmembers, such as more or fewer housing members.) The battery holder 4704is positioned in the second cavity 4717.

The first housing member 4705 may define a first opening 4711 and thesecond housing member 4703 may define a second opening 4709. The batteryholder 4704 may be accessible through the first and second openings4711, 4709. More particularly, the exterior surfaces of the batteryholder 4704 may be within the first and second openings 4711, 4709 suchthat a user can pinch the surfaces of the battery holder 4704 to applythe necessary manipulation to extend or retract the battery holder 4704.

The battery holder 4704 and the body portion 4702 may include featuresthat engage one another to cause the battery holder 4704 to extendupwards when twisted relative to the body portion 4702. For example, inthe example implementation shown in FIG. 47C, the battery holder 4704defines guide pins 4714, and the first housing member 4705 defines guideslots 4716 that engage the guide pins 4714. The guide slots 4716 areangled so that a twisting motion applied to the battery holder 4704 willextend or retract the battery holder 4704 as the guide pins 4714 slidealong the guide slots 4716.

The tag 4700 may include seals to prevent ingress of liquid, dust, orother contaminants into the tag 4700 when the battery holder 4704 is inthe retracted configuration. FIGS. 48A-48B are partial cross-sectionalviews of the tag 4700, viewed along line 48A-48A in FIG. 47A, showingthe battery holder 4704 in a retracted state (FIG. 48A) and in anextended state (FIG. 48B). FIG. 48A shows example configurations forsealing the interface between the battery holder 4704 and the bodyportion 4702 of the tag 4700.

With reference to FIG. 48A, the interfaces between the battery holder4704 and the first housing member 4705 (at the first opening 4711) andbetween the battery holder 4704 and the second housing member 4703 (atthe second opening 4709) may be sealed using compliant seals. In theexample shown, a first sealing member 4814 may be attached to a firstinterface surface 4816 of the battery holder 4704. In the retractedconfiguration, the first sealing member 4814 may contact a first sealingsurface 4812 of the first housing member 4705. Similarly, a secondsealing member 4808 may be attached to a second interface surface 4806of the battery holder 4704. In the retracted configuration, the secondsealing member 4808 may contact a second sealing surface 4810 of thesecond housing member 4703 (which may be a surface of a ledge definedalong the wall of the second opening 4709). When the battery holder 4704is in the retracted position, the first and second sealing members 4808,4814 may be forced against their respective sealing surfaces, therebyinhibiting ingress of liquids, dust, or other contaminants.

The first and second sealing members 4808, 4814 may be formed of anysuitable material, such as a compliant polymer material (e.g., anelastomer, silicone, or the like). They may be attached to theirrespective interface surfaces via adhesive or any other suitableattachment technique (e.g., co-molding, mechanical interlocking, etc.).While the first and second sealing members 4808, 4814 are shown attachedto the battery holder 4704, they may instead be attached to the sealingsurfaces of the housing members. Further, other configurations ofinterface surfaces, sealing surfaces, and sealing members are alsocontemplated.

In some cases, the guide slots 4716 may include bumps, catches,protrusions, or other features that provide a tactile indication thatthe battery holder 4704 is fully extended or fully retracted. Suchfeatures may also help retain the battery holder 4704 in the fullyextended or retracted positions. In some cases, when the battery holder4704 is in a fully retracted position (and retained in said position viathe bumps, catches, protrusions, or other features), the sealing membersmay be compressed between their respective sealing and interfacesurfaces, thereby forming a positive seal against contaminants.

FIGS. 49A-49B illustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag 4900.The tag 4900 has a generally circular, puck-shaped form factor, similarto other tags described herein. The tag 4900 may include a first housingmember 4902 and a second housing member 4904 that define substantiallyall of the exterior surfaces of the tag 4900. For example, the firsthousing member 4902 may define all of a top surface and a portion (e.g.,approximately half) of a peripheral side surface of the tag 4900, whilethe second housing member 4904 may define all of a bottom surface and aportion (e.g., approximately half) of the peripheral side surface of thetag 4900. From the outside, the first and second housing members 4902,4904 may appear substantially identical to one another, thereby defininga substantially symmetrical shape.

FIG. 49B is a partial exploded view of the tag 4900, showing the firstand second housing members 4902, 4904 detached from one another. The tag4900 may also include a sealing member 4906 configured to contact thefirst and second housing members 4902, 4904 to inhibit ingress ofliquids or other contaminants.

The tag 4900 may include device components 4908. The device components4908 may include frames (e.g., frame members, antenna assemblies)circuit boards, circuit elements, processors, memory, sensors, radiocircuitry (including antennas) for various wireless communications(e.g., UWB, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.), or the like. Indeed, the devicecomponents 4908 may include any of the components that are used toprovide the functions of a wireless tag as described herein. The tag4900 may also include a battery 4912 to provide power for the electroniccomponents.

The first and second housing members 4902, 4904 may be attached togethervia interlocking features defined by the first and second housingmembers 4902, 4904. For example, as shown in FIG. 49B, the first housingmember 4902 may define openings 4909 (or recesses or other suitablefeatures) on a flange that mates with the second housing member 4904.Correspondingly, the second housing member 4904 defines clips 4905 thatengage the openings 4909 to retain the first and second housing members4902, 4904 together. The first and second housing members 4902, 4904 maybe separable by a user by prying or otherwise pulling the first andsecond housing members 4902, 4904 apart (e.g., with a fingernail orother tool or implement).

The openings and clips may be unitary with the first and second housingmembers (e.g., formed as a single piece), or they may be separatecomponents that are attached to the first and second housing members.For example, rings that define the openings and clips may be attached tothe first and second housing members. Where separate components areattached together, the components may be formed of a different materialthan the housing members. For example, where the housing members arepolymer, rings (or other components) defining the openings and clips maybe formed from metal, a different polymer material, or the like. In somecases, the openings and clips may be distributed on the housing membersdifferently. For example, each housing member may define some openingsand some clips. Retention features other than clips and openings may beused instead of or in addition to openings and clips.

FIGS. 50A-50B illustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag 5000.The tag 5000 has a generally circular, puck-shaped form factor, similarto other tags described herein. The tag 5000 may include a body portion5002 and a battery tray 5004 that define substantially all of theexterior surfaces of the tag 5000. For example, the body portion 5002may define all of a top surface, all of a bottom surface, and a portionof a peripheral side surface of the tag 5000, while the battery tray5004 may define a remaining portion of the peripheral side surface ofthe tag 5000. The battery tray 5004 may be openable relative to the bodyportion 5002 to expose a battery cavity and facilitate batteryreplacement. The battery tray 5004 and the body portion 5002 may includecomplementary slots, slides, channels, rails, or other features thatengage one another to guide the battery tray 5004 along a linear pathinto the body portion 5002. The battery tray 5004 may be fully separablefrom the body portion 5002, or it may be captive to the body portion5002 so that it remains attached to the body portion 5002 even when inan open or extended position. The battery tray 5004 may be opened by auser pulling outwardly on the battery tray 5004 while holding the bodyportion 5002.

FIG. 50B is a partial exploded view of the tag 5000, showing the batterytray 5004 removed from the body portion 5002. The battery tray 5004 maydefine a battery cavity 5010 for receiving a battery 5012 therein. Thebody portion 5002 may include a first housing member 5006 and a secondhousing member 5008, which together may define an opening 5009 thatreceives the battery tray 5004.

The tag 5000 may include device components 5016. The device components5016 may include frames (e.g., frame members, antenna assemblies)circuit boards, circuit elements, processors, memory, sensors, radiocircuitry (including antennas) for various wireless communications(e.g., UWB, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.), or the like. Indeed, the devicecomponents 5016 may include any of the components that are used toprovide the functions of a wireless tag as described herein. The tag5000 may also include an audio system 5014, which may be any of theaudio systems described herein (including, for example, an audio systemthat uses a portion of the second housing member 5008 as the diaphragmfor producing audible output).

FIGS. 51A-51C illustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag 5100.The tag 5100 has a generally circular, puck-shaped form factor, similarto other tags described herein. Whereas other puck-shaped tags may stackthe audio system, circuit board and battery along a central (e.g.,axial) axis of the puck, the audio system of the tag 5100 is positionednext to (e.g., in a generally planar arrangement with) other devicecomponents.

The tag 5100 may include a top housing member 5102, which may define atop surface and a peripheral side surface of the tag 5100, and a bottomhousing member (or battery door) 5104. The bottom housing member 5104may be removably coupled to the top housing member 5102, or anothercomponent of the tag 5100, using any of the attachment techniquesdescribed herein, such as those described with respect to FIGS. 12A-12Cand 14A-25C.

As described herein, the tag 5100 may include any suitable type of audiosystem. As shown, the tag 5100 includes an audio system, within thehousing, that includes a speaker that produces audio outputs. Sound fromthe speaker exits the tag 5100 through speaker openings 5106 that extendthrough the top housing member 5102.

FIG. 51B shows the tag 5100 with the bottom housing member 5104 removedfrom the top housing member 5102, with the battery 5112 removed. Thebottom housing member 5104 may include latch members 5108 that engagecomplementary features on the tag 5100. The bottom housing member 5104may also include a compliant member that biases the battery 5112 intothe tag 5100 and into engagement with battery connectors, as describedabove.

FIG. 51C is a partial exploded view of the tag 5100. The tag 5100 mayinclude a cover 5120 and a peripheral member 5122 to which the cover5120 is attached. The cover 5120 and the peripheral member 5122 maydefine some or all of the top housing member 5102. The cover 5120 maydefine the speaker openings 5106 of the top housing member 5102.

The tag 5100 also includes an audio system 5124, which may be positionedbelow the speaker openings 5106 and may include a speaker as describedabove. In some cases, the audio system 5124 includes a coil and magnetto move the top housing member as a diaphragm, similar to the otheraudio systems described herein.

The tag 5100 also includes a circuit board 5126. The circuit board 5126may include device components such as circuit elements, processors,memory, sensors, radio circuitry (including antennas) for variouswireless communications (e.g., UWB, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.), or the like.The circuit board 5126 may have a shape that conforms to or otherwiseallows the circuit board to be positioned next to the audio system 5124.For example, the circuit board 5126 may define a clearance area 5125,and the audio system 5124 may be nested or otherwise positioned in theclearance area 5125.

The tag 5100 may also include a frame member 5128. The frame member 5128may define a battery cavity 5129 that receives the battery 5112. Theframe member 5128 may also support other components of the tag 5100. Forexample, the circuit board 5126, antennas, and the audio system 5124 maybe attached to the frame member 5128. Further, the top and bottomhousing members 5102, 5104 may be attached to the frame member 5128. Theframe member 5128 may perform some or all of the functions of the framemember 512 and/or antenna assembly 508 of the tag 500 (described above).

As shown in FIG. 51C, the audio system 5124, battery 5112, and circuitboard 5126 are all positioned roughly in the same lateral plane. Statedanother way, at least some portion of each component may lie in a singleplane that is generally parallel to the top surface of the cover 5120.This configuration may produce a tag with a larger diameter, but asmaller axial height, than tags in which the audio system, battery, andcircuit board are stacked along the axis (e.g., as shown in FIG. 5B).

FIGS. 52A-52C depict an additional example embodiment of a wirelesslylocatable tag 5200, showing another form factor for the tag. FIG. 52Aillustrates a perspective view of the tag 5200, which has a generallycylindrical shape. The tag 5200 includes a body portion 5202 and abattery cover 5204 that may be removably coupled to the body portion5202. The body portion 5202 may house device components, such as circuitboards, audio systems, antennas, antenna assemblies, processors, and thelike. As noted for other tags, the function and arrangement of suchcomponents (including circuit boards, audio systems, antennas, etc.) maybe substantially similar to other tags described herein. The tag 5200may include an audio system that includes a speaker that produces audiooutputs. Sound from the speaker exits the tag 5200 through speakeropenings 5206 in the body portion 5202.

FIG. 52B depicts an exploded view of the tag 5200, illustrating variouscombinations of batteries and battery covers that may be used with thebody portion 5202. These components may be interchangeable, allowing auser to select aspects of the tag's appearance and function.

As shown in FIG. 52B, a single battery 5212 may be used with the batterycover 5204, corresponding to the overall appearance of FIG. 52A. Inanother application, a larger battery cover 5214 may be used, along withtwo batteries 5212, thus providing increased battery life for the tag5200. In another application, a battery cover 5216 may include anattachment feature 5217, shown in FIG. 52B as a loop. The attachmentfeature 5217 may be used to attach the tag 5200 to other objects, suchas a key ring or split ring, lanyard, clip, strap, or the like. Inanother application, a battery cover 5218 may include a charging port5220 and may be configured for use with a rechargeable battery 5222. Thebattery cover 5218 may optionally include charging and/or other batterycontrol circuitry so that the user can choose to use either rechargeableor non-rechargeable batteries with the same body portion 5202.

FIG. 52C illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of the tag 5200,viewed along line 52C-52C in FIG. 52A. The tag 5200 may include a framemember 5230 in the body portion 5202. The frame member 5230 may serve asa mounting structure for other components of the tag 5200, such as acircuit board 5226, an audio system 5224 (which may include a speakerand which directs sound out of the speaker openings 5206), or the like.In some cases, one or more antennas are mounted to the frame member 5230in a manner similar to the antenna assembly 508 described above. Thecircuit board 5226 may include a substrate and may include processors,memory, and other circuit elements that generally perform the electricaland/or computational functions of the tag 5200. The circuit board 5226may also include conductors and/or electrical interconnects thatelectrically couple the various electrical components of the tag 5200.The circuit board 5226 may also include or be coupled to the battery5212.

The battery cover 5204 may be releasably retained to the main body 5202in any suitable way. For example, the battery cover 5204 may thread ontothe main body 5202, or it may be retained using friction and/or aninterference fit. The battery cover 5204 and/or the body 5202 mayinclude locking or latching mechanisms to inhibit accidental removal ofthe battery cover 5204. More particularly, the battery cover 5204 mayinclude latches, catches, or other features that must be released ordisengaged (e.g., by squeezing, applying a tool, or the like) before thebattery cover 5204 can be removed by pulling or twisting. The tag 5200may include a sealing member 5228 configured to inhibit ingress ofliquid, dust, or other contaminants into the tag 5200.

In some cases, the tag 5200 may have the same or substantially the sameoverall size and shape as a battery, such as an “AA” or “AAA” sizebattery (or any other size or form factor of battery). In such cases,the tag 5200 may be used in place of a conventional battery to allowconvenient location tracking of many different battery-operated devices.Accordingly, a device like a remote control, flashlight, camera, or thelike, may be made wirelessly locatable without having to attach anexternal component, modify the device, or otherwise change thefunctionality or usability of the device.

Where the tag 5200 is configured to replace a battery, the tag 5200 (ora different but similarly shaped tag) may define a positive terminal anda negative terminal on exterior locations that correspond to thelocations of positive and negative terminals of an “AA” or other sizedbattery (e.g., at locations 5203, 5205 in FIG. 52A). The tag 5200 may beconfigured to pass current from the negative terminal 5205 to thepositive terminal 5203 of the tag 5200 such that the tag 5200 does notdisrupt the power circuit of the device and allows the device to operatenormally (using the power provided from other batteries of the device),albeit with reduced battery capacity. In some cases the battery 5212 ofthe tag 5200 may provide power to the components of the tag 5200, whilealso providing power through the external terminals 5203, 5205 of thetag 5200, thereby allowing the tag 5200 to provide power to the devicein which it is installed, while also providing wireless trackingfunctionality for the device.

FIGS. 53A-53C illustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag 5300having another form factor. In particular, the tag 5300 has a generallyflat, rectangular-prism shaped exterior housing. The tag 5300 includes afirst housing member 5302 that defines all or substantially all of a topsurface and part of the peripheral surface of the tag 5300. The tag 5300also includes a second housing member 5304 that defines part of (e.g.,approximately half of) a bottom surface of the tag 5300 and part of theperipheral surface of the tag 5300. The second housing member 5304 maynot be intended to be removed by a user of the tag 5300. The tag 5300may also include a third housing member 5306, which may also define partof (e.g., approximately half of) the bottom surface of the tag 5300 andpart of the peripheral surface of the tag 5300.

FIG. 53B shows a partial cross-sectional view of the tag 5300, viewedalong line 53B-53B in FIG. 53A, showing an example arrangement ofcomponents within the tag 5300. The tag 5300 may include a battery 5312,an audio system 5314, and device components 5310. The device components5310 may include circuit boards, circuit elements, processors, memory,sensors, radio circuitry (including antennas) for various wirelesscommunications (e.g., UWB, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.), or the like. Indeed,the device components 5310 may include any of the components that areused to provide the functions of a wireless tag as described herein. Theaudio system 5314 may operate similar to other audio systems describedherein. For example, a coil may be attached to an interior surface ofthe first housing member 5302, and a magnet may provide a magnetic fieldto allow the coil to operate as a speaker. By passing a signal (e.g.,current) through the coil, a portion of the first housing member 5302can move in a manner similar to a speaker diaphragm. Further, the audiosystem may be used to produce tactile outputs that a user can feel whentouching the first housing member 5302. Of course, other types of audiosystems and/or tactile output generators may be used instead of or inaddition to the audio system 5314.

The third housing member 5306 may be removable to provide access to abattery cavity. FIG. 53C illustrates a partial cross-sectional view ofthe tag 5300 with the third housing member 5306 removed from the rest ofthe tag 5300. The third housing member 5306 may define at least part ofa battery cavity for a battery 5312. Features of the third housingmember 5306 may engage corresponding features of the first and/or secondhousing members 5302, 5304, or any other component of the tag 5300(e.g., a frame member), to retain the third housing member 5306 to thetag 5300 while also allowing it to be removed for battery replacement.Such features may include clips, latches, detents, or the like. Thethird housing member 5306 may be removed from the tag 5300 by pryingwith a fingernail, tool, or other implement inserted in a gap betweenthe third housing member 5306 and another part of the tag 5300.

In other respects, such as the component set and the function andarrangement of such components (including circuit boards, audio systems,antennas, etc.), the tag 5300 may be substantially similar to other tagsdescribed herein, and the tag 5300 may include any of the componentsand/or provide any of the features of any tag described herein.

FIGS. 54A-54B illustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag 5400having a generally flat, rectangular-prism shaped exterior housing. Thetag 5400 includes a first housing member 5402 and a second housingmember 5404, which may be removably coupled to the first housing member5402.

The tag 5400 is similar to the tag 5300, but has a different arrangementof components within the housing. FIG. 54B illustrates the tag 5400 withthe first housing member 5402 detached from the second housing member5404. The tag 5400 includes two batteries 5412, an audio system 5414,and device components 5410. The device components 5410 and audio system5414 may be the same as or similar to the corresponding components inthe tag 5300, and for brevity their details may not be repeated here.Due to the extra battery, the tag 5400 may have increased battery lifeas compared to single-battery tags.

FIGS. 55A-55B illustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag 5500having a generally flat, rectangular-prism shaped exterior housing. Thetag 5500 includes a first housing member 5502 and a second housingmember 5504, which may be removably coupled to the first housing member5502. The tag 5500 may be configured to use a conventional speaker orother audio-producing component, and may therefore include speakeropenings 5506 that extend through the first housing member 5502.

FIG. 55B is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag 5500, viewed alongline 55B-55B in FIG. 55A. The tag 5500 includes a battery 5512 anddevice components 5510, which may be the same as or similar to thecorresponding components in other tags described herein, and for brevitytheir details may not be repeated here. The tag 5500 also includes aspeaker 5508 (or other suitable audio-producing component) that producesaudio outputs, which in turn pass through the speaker openings 5506 tobe perceived by a user.

As described elsewhere herein, the functionality of a wirelesslylocatable tag may be incorporated into other types of devices and/orintegrated with other components, accessories, features, or the like. Inone such example, as shown in FIGS. 56A-56B, a wirelessly locatable tagmay be incorporated into a device that includes a built-in attachmentcord or strap.

The tag 5600 may include a body portion 5602 and a cord portion 5604.The body portion 5602 may include some or all of the components thatprovide the functionality of a wirelessly locatable tag, such as circuitboards, circuit elements, processors, memory, sensors, radio circuitry(including antennas) for various wireless communications (e.g., UWB,WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.), or any other components that are used to providethe functions of a wireless tag as described herein. The cord portion5604 may be a flexible rope, cable, or other member that can be attachedto another object. In some cases, electronic components of the tag 5600are housed in or incorporated in the cord portion 5604. For example, anantenna (e.g., a flexible conductor such as a wire or metallized thread)may be incorporated in the cord portion 5605. Flexible conductorsincorporated into a cord portion may be used for other operations orfeatures as well, such as carrying signals, detecting contact with otherobjects or people, or the like.

The body portion 5602 may define a first portion 5606 and a secondportion 5608, which can be separate from one another to allow the loopto be opened and the tag 5600 to be attached to another object. FIG. 56Bshows the tag 5600 in an open configuration, in which the first portion5606 is separated from the second portion 5608. The first and/or secondportions 5606, 5608 may include retention features 5616 that releasablyretain the first and second portions together. The retention features5616 may include, for example, clips, latches, magnets, or the like. Thebody portion 5602 may be separable by simply pulling the first andsecond portions 5606, 5608 apart, though in other cases a user mustperform other manipulations, such as unlocking or unlatching a retentionfeature, twisting, prying, using a tool, or the like.

The tag 5600 may include sensors or other systems that detect whetherthe tag 5600 is in an open (FIG. 56B) or closed (FIG. 56A)configuration. Such sensors may include for example Hall effect sensors,accelerometers (which detect a characteristic motion caused by the tagbeing opened or closed), microphones (which detect a characteristicsound caused by the tag being opened or closed), optical sensors, or thelike. The tag 5600 may perform different actions based on whether thetag 5600 is open or closed. For example, the tag 5600 may power down ortransition to a low-power mode (e.g., deactivating one or more systemsor processes) when the tag 5600 is open, and power up or transition to anormal operating mode when the tag 5600 is closed. As another example,upon detecting that the tag 5600 has been opened or closed, the tag 5600may send, via a cloud-based service, a message indicating the change inthe tag's status. An owner or other authorized individual may receive amessage from the cloud-based service that provides information about thetag, such as its location, when it was opened, where it was when it wasopened, the time when it was opened, or the like.

The tag 5600 may include input and/or output components accessible onthe outside of the tag 5600. For example, the tag 5600 includes optionalbuttons 5612 with which a user may interact to control aspects of thetag 5600. For example, the buttons 5612 may control operations such asturning the tag 5600 on or off, causing the tag to enter a pairing mode,causing the tag to send a “lost” message, or the like. The buttons 5612may include moving parts and mechanical actuating components (e.g., domeswitches). In some cases, the buttons 5612 may be defined bytouch-sensitive input regions (e.g., capacitive touch-sensing regions).

The tag 5600 may also include output components, such as a display 5614,which may include or use any suitable display technology such as LED,LCD, OLED, E ink, or the like. The display 5614 may display varioustypes of information. For example, the display 5614 may display statusinformation about the tag 5600, including battery charge level, anowner's name, the status of the tag (e.g., if it has been reportedlost), or the like. In some cases, the display 5614 may displaydifferent information if the tag is reported lost. For example, uponreceiving an indication that the tag has been reported to be lost, thedisplay 5614 may begin displaying a message indicating that it has beenreported lost and providing instructions on how the user wants the lostitem to be handled (e.g., do not move from this location, return toowner, call owner, etc.).

The tag 5600 may also include indicator lights 5610. The indicatorlights 5610 may be LEDs or any other suitable light sources. Theindicator lights 5610 may indicate a status of the device, such as apower state, battery charge level, operating mode, lost/not lost status,or the like. In some cases, the indicator lights 5610 may be activatedin response to the tag 5600 being reported lost. For example, theindicator lights may flash (or remain steadily illuminated) to alertnearby people to the presence of the tag and its status as being lost.The indicator lights 5610 may be used for other purposes as well.

FIG. 57 depicts another example tag 5700 having a similar configurationas the tag 5600 but having a different approach to opening and closingthe loop of the cord. In particular, the tag 5700 includes a bodyportion 5702, which may be the same as or substantially similar to thebody portion 5602, except that the body portion 5702 may not beseparable. Instead, the cord portion 5704 is removably coupled to thebody portion 5702 at least at one end of the cord portion 5704, therebyallowing the tag 5700 to be attached to other objects by forming a loopwith the cord portion 5704. The cord portion 5704 may include aconnector 5708 that mates with a connector 5706 of the body portion5702. The connectors 5708, 5706 may include retention features such asclips, latches, magnets, or the like. The tag 5700 may detect whetherthe cord portion 5704 is attached to or detached from the body portion5702, and cause the tag 5700 to operate in a certain way based on thedetermination, as described above. The tag 5700 may include sensors todetermine when the cord portion is attached or detached. Such sensorsmay include for example Hall effect sensors, accelerometers (whichdetect a characteristic motion caused by the cord portion being attachedor detached), microphones (which detect a characteristic sound caused bythe cord portion being attached or detached), optical sensors, or thelike.

FIGS. 58A-58C illustrate another example wirelessly locatable tag 5800,showing yet another form factor for a tag that provides some or all ofthe tag functionality described herein. In particular, the tag 5800 hasa generally rectangular shape with a small thickness dimension, allowingthe tag 5800 to fit into small places like a credit card slot in awallet, or a side pocket of a purse, or the like. In some cases, the tag5800 has a thickness dimension (e.g., the height of the tag 5800 asviewed in FIG. 58B) that is less than about 5.0 mm, about 4.0 mm, about3.0 mm, about 2.0 mm, or about 1.0 mm.

FIG. 58A shows a top view of the tag 5800. Some internal components ofthe tag 5800 are shown in phantom lines. For example, the tag 5800 mayinclude a battery 5812, a wireless charging coil 5810, and devicecomponents 5814. The device components 5814 may include some or all ofthe components that provide the functionality of a wirelessly locatabletag, such as circuit boards, circuit elements, processors, memory,sensors, radio circuitry (including antennas) for various wirelesscommunications (e.g., UWB, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.), or any othercomponents that are used to provide the functions of a wireless tag asdescribed herein.

FIG. 58B shows a partial cross-sectional view of the tag 5800, viewedalong line 58B-58B in FIG. 58A. FIG. 58B shows an example arrangement ofthe components of the tag 5800. The tag 5800 may include a housing 5801(FIG. 58A) that defines the exterior surfaces of the tag 5800 anddefines an internal volume of the tag. The housing 5801 may include abottom housing member 5802, which may define the bottom surface and someor all of the peripheral side surface of the tag 5800, and a top housingmember 5804, which may define the top surface of the tag 5800. Otherconfigurations of housing members are also contemplated.

The battery 5812 may be stacked above the wireless charging coil 5810.The battery 5812 may be charged by placing the tag 5800 on a suitablewireless charger, which may have a transmitting coil configured toinductively couple to the charging coil 5810 and provide wireless powerto the coil 5810 that is then used to charge the battery. The devicecomponents 5814 may include control circuits that control the powerbeing provided to the battery 5812 from the charging coil 5810.

FIG. 58C illustrates another example wirelessly locatable tag 5820. Thetag 5820 may be substantially identical to the tag 5800, except thatinstead of a wireless charging coil 5810, the tag 5820 includes chargingcontacts 5830 that provide power to the battery 5832 and/or otherelectronic components of the tag 5820. The charging contacts 5830 mayinclude exposed electrically conductive members (e.g., copper pads) thatare exposed along or otherwise define part of the bottom exteriorsurface of the tag 5820. The tag 5820 may be charged by placing thecharging contacts 5830 in contact with corresponding contacts of abattery charger.

The tag 5820 may also include first and second housing members 5824,5822, and device components 5834, each of which may be the same as orsimilar to the corresponding components of the tag 5800. Further, thetags 5800, 5820 may include audio systems to provide audible and/ortactile outputs. The audio systems may include piezoelectric elements orother materials or components that can be implemented in a low-profilehousing such as that shown in FIGS. 58A-58C.

The housing members of the various tags described herein (e.g., thecomponents of the tags that define the exterior surfaces of the tagsand/or the body portions of the tags) may be formed from any suitablematerial. For example, the housing members may be formed from or includepolymers, metals, composites (e.g., fiber-reinforced polymers), or thelike. Similarly, any of the frames, frame members, antenna assemblies,of the tags described herein may be formed from materials such aspolymers, composites (e.g., fiber-reinforced polymers), or the like. Tagcomponents such as frames, housing members, circuit boards, or the like,may be coupled to one another in various ways, including but not limitedto ultrasonic welds, adhesives, heat stakes, rivets, mechanicallyinterlocked features, laser welds, melt bonds, or the like.

While the various example tags described herein may focus on aparticular set of components and features, the tags may include orprovide more, fewer, or different components and features. For example,tags as described herein may include displays that can provide graphicaloutputs including text, images, or the like. Such displays may beincorporated in the tags so that they can be seen by a user. Thedisplays may include any suitable display technology, including LED,LCD, OLED, E ink, or the like. Displays may also incorporate touchand/or force sensing systems that detect touch- and or force-basedinputs applied to the display. Inputs applied to a touch- and/orforce-sensitive display may control operational aspects of a tag, suchas by changing operating modes, changing settings, inputting data, andthe like. Tags may also include other visual output systems, such asindicator lights, which also provide visual output to a user (e.g.,indicating an operating mode of the tag, a power state, whether the taghas been reported as lost, etc.).

As noted above, various different types of audio systems arecontemplated for use with the wirelessly locatable tags describedherein. For example, one type of audio system may use a wall of ahousing member that defines an exterior surface of the tag as asound-producing element or diaphragm. Another type of audio system mayinclude a speaker that produces sound which then passes through openingsin the housing. Yet another type of audio system is a piezoelectricelement that can either move a portion of a housing member (as adiaphragm) or move a separate diaphragm or member to produce sound. Itwill be understood that tags that are described as using one type ofaudio system may additionally or instead use another type of audiosystem.

In order to begin using the tags described herein, an initialization orpairing process may be performed, in which the tag communicates withanother device, such as a smartphone, laptop, desktop, or tabletcomputer, or the like. The initialization process may be used toassociate a particular tag with a particular user or user account in thedevice-location relay network. The initialization process may also beused to establish a trusted communication link between the tag and aparticular device. This trusted communication link may allow the deviceto interact with the tag in ways that are not accessible to other (e.g.,untrusted) devices. For example, a tag that has been paired with auser's smartphone may allow that smartphone to control the operation ofthe tag, change its mode of operation, or the like, while other devices(e.g., devices with which the tag has not been paired) may be unable toperform these actions.

In some cases, an initialization mode may be entered by providing aninput to a tag. For example, a tag may include a button, switch, orother input mechanism that a user can manipulate (e.g., push) to causethe tag to enter an initialization mode. When the input is detected bythe tag, the tag may enter the initialization mode in which the tag mayperform certain actions. For example, as described above, the tag maybegin sending a beacon signal or change (e.g., increase) the frequencyat which it is sending a beacon signal. The beacon signal may be awireless communication via a Bluetooth protocol, a UWB protocol, or thelike, and may be detectable by another device such as a smartphone orcomputer. Once an initialization process is complete, the tag may entera “normal” operating mode, which may include changing (e.g., decreasing)the frequency of its beacon signal.

In some cases, tags may not have input devices, or they may beconfigured so that its input devices do not function to activate aninitialization mode. In such cases, other techniques may be used tocause the device to enter an initialization mode. For example, a tag maybe configured to enter an initialization mode in response to the onsetof power being provided to the tag from a battery or other power source.In such cases, upon power being provided to the tag, the tag mayactivate an initialization mode for a duration, such as one minute, fiveminutes, or any other suitable duration. After this duration expires,the user can reactivate the initialization mode, if required, byremoving and reinserting the battery (or otherwise interrupting thepower supply to the tag). Where tags are provided or sold with thebatteries in place, such as in one of the battery cavities of the tagsdescribed above, the tag may include an insulating material between thebattery and a contact of a battery connector. Upon removal of theinsulating material (which a user may simply pull out of the tag using aprovided pull-tab or handle), power is supplied to the tag and theinitialization mode is activated.

Other techniques for causing tags to activate an initialization mode arealso contemplated. For example, a tag may include a battery door thatcan be moved between two positions. In a first position, the batterydoor may be securely retained to the tag but configured so that powerdoes not flow from the battery to the tag's circuitry, and in a secondposition, the battery door may also be securely retained to the tag butconfigured so that power does flow to the tag's circuitry. The user cansimply move the battery door from the first position to the secondposition, which will cause power to be provided to the tag's circuitryand thus activate the initialization mode. The flow of power from thebattery may be interrupted by an internal switching mechanism, byphysically separating the battery from a battery contact, or any othersuitable technique. In some cases, the tag may include a sensor todetermine the position of the battery door. For example, the tag mayinclude a Hall effect sensor, optical sensor, capacitive sensor, or thelike. Upon sensing that the battery door has been moved to the secondposition, the tag may activate the initialization mode.

As yet another example, a tag may be provided with a battery tray ordoor partially or fully detached from the rest of the tag. Attaching orinserting the battery tray or door may cause the tag to begin receivingpower and thus enter the initialization mode. As another example, a tagmay include an accelerometer, and upon detecting an acceleration ormotion characteristic of a particular type of input (e.g., a tap, aparticular pattern of taps, a shake, or the like), the tag may activatethe initialization mode. As yet another example, if the tag includes anaudio system that can be used to detect deformations of the housing(such as the audio systems described with respect to FIG. 26B), the tagmay activate the initialization mode in response to detecting aparticular input via the audio system (e.g., a single press, a singlepress having a particular duration, a particular pattern of presses).

The tag may include sensors that determine when the tag has been removedfrom packaging, and activate an initialization mode upon detecting thatit has been removed from the packaging. For example, the tag may includea light sensor that detects when it is removed from an opaque packaging.As another example, it may include an oxygen sensor that detects when itis removed from a sealed packaging. As yet another example, it mayinclude a Hall effect sensor, capacitive sensor, magnetic sensor, orother suitable sensor that detects when a conductive or magneticcomponent of a packaging (e.g., a strip of metal attached to a box lid)is moved away from the tag. As yet another example, tag packaging mayinclude a spring-loading mechanism that imparts a characteristic motionto the tag when the packaging is opened. An accelerometer in the tag maydetect the characteristic motion and trigger the initialization modeupon detecting the motion. As yet another example, tag packaging mayinclude or define a Faraday cage, and the tag may activate aninitialization mode upon detecting wireless signals (which may occuronce the tag is removed from the Faraday cage).

When initializing a tag, a smartphone (or other device such as a tabletcomputer) communicates with the tag, as described above. The tag may beconfigured to activate or trigger an initialization mode on thesmartphone. For example, as described herein, wirelessly locatable tagsmay include NFC antennas. The smartphone may include an NFC reader thatcan detect when it is within a certain distance of the NFC antenna ofthe tag (e.g., three inches, or any other suitable distance), and inresponse to detecting that it is within that distance, trigger aninitialization mode or initialization process. This may includelaunching an application on the smartphone or displaying graphicalobjects (e.g., a graphical user interface) that guides a user throughthe initialization process.

In some cases, the tag itself may detect when an NFC reader of anotherdevice communicates with the tag via NFC, and upon detecting acommunication with the other device, the tag may activate itsinitialization mode. Thus, the initialization mode of the tag may beactivated by the action of bringing the tag and other device into closeproximity (e.g., within NFC communication range, such as about threeinches or less). In such cases, prior to bringing a smartphone into NFCrange of the tag, the user may activate an application or otherwisecause his or her smartphone to enter a mode in which the phone's NFCreader will communicate with the tag. In this manner, initialization ofthe tag may be simplified and streamlined, as the user can simplyrequest the initialization mode on a phone, tap the phone on the tag,and the initialization process will begin.

Tags described herein use batteries to provide power to the electricalcomponents. The batteries may be non-rechargeable batteries, which canbe replaced when they are exhausted, or they may be rechargeablebatteries, which can be recharged and reused multiple times. Batteryreplacement, either of rechargeable or non-rechargeable batteries, maybe facilitated by the housing designs, described herein, that provideaccess to a battery cavity to allow the batteries to be removed by auser. In implementations where rechargeable batteries are used, tags maybe provided with non-removable batteries, and the tags may includecharging components that allow the batteries to be recharged while theyremain housed in the tags.

Various types of charging components may be incorporated into wirelesslylocatable tags to facilitate the charging of rechargeable batteries.FIGS. 59-60 illustrate two example wirelessly locatable tags usingdifferent charging components. FIG. 59 shows a wirelessly locatable tag5900 that is configured for wireless charging. More particularly, thetag 5900 may be configured to be placed on or proximate to a wirelesscharger 5902. The wireless charger 5902 may include an output coil thatis configured to inductively couple to a charging coil in the tag 5900.Via electromagnetic interaction with the output coil, the charging coilin the tag provides (wireless) power to battery charging circuitry inthe tag 5900, thereby charging the battery (and optionally providingpower directly to circuitry of the tag 5900). In particular, the outputcoil may produce a magnetic field, which in turn induces a current inthe charging coil of the tag, and the induced current may be used torecharge the tag's battery. The housings of the tag 5900 and the charger5902 may be configured to limit or minimize shielding of or interferencewith the inductive coupling between the charging and the output coil.For example, the tag 5900 and the charger 5902 may be configured so thatthe portions of the housing that are between the output and chargingcoils are substantially nonconductive, such as a polymer material.

The charger 5902 and tag 5900 may also include an alignment system tohelp a user properly align the tag 5900 relative to the charger 5902 tofacilitate wireless charging. Such alignment systems may includemagnets, complementary protrusions/recesses (or other complementaryphysical features), visual alignment indicators, or the like. While thecharger 5902 is shown as a circular puck-style charger, this is merelyone example embodiment of an external charging device, and the conceptsdiscussed herein may apply equally or by analogy to other externalcharging devices, including charging mats, docks, electronic deviceswith built-in wireless charging functionality (e.g., alarm clocks,another electronic device such as a mobile phone or tablet computer),differently shaped chargers, or the like.

FIG. 60 shows a wirelessly locatable tag 6000 with a charging port 6002configured to receive power cable 6004. The power cable 6004 supplieselectrical power to the tag 6000, which is used to charge the batteryand optionally provide power to the tag 6000 while the battery ischarging. In some cases, tags may include both a charging port andwireless charging systems, thereby allowing a user to use either wiredor wireless charging.

In some cases, it may be desirable to operate a wirelessly locatable tagindefinitely, without having to replace or recharge a battery. This maybe particularly useful in cases where tags are used in staticinstallations to help users locate certain objects (e.g., fireextinguishers, defibrillators), to automatically trigger users' devicesto take certain actions (e.g., triggering a user interface object toappear on a user's phone when a user approaches a location such as apainting, retail display, or the like), or any other instance where tagsare stationary and/or it is desired to provide continuous power orotherwise obviate the need to replace batteries (e.g., in a vehicle). Toaccommodate these and other use cases, mounting bases may be providedthat attach to tags in place of the batteries (and optionally in placeof a battery door). The mounting bases may securely support the tags andalso provide electrical power to the tags instead of a battery.

FIGS. 61A-65B illustrate an example mounting base system that may beused to hold and provide power to wirelessly locatable tags. FIG. 61Aillustrates an example tag 6102, which may be an embodiment of the tag500, described above. The tag 6102 is shown with a bottom housing member(or battery door) 6104 and battery removed. The bottom housing member6104 includes latch members 6106 that engage corresponding features ofthe tag 6102 (e.g., channels or recesses) to releasably retain thebottom housing member 6104 to the tag 6102.

FIG. 61A also shows a mounting base 6108 to which the tag 6102 may becoupled in place of the bottom housing member 6104 and the battery. FIG.61B shows the tag 6102 coupled to the mounting base 6108.

The mounting base 6108 includes latch members 6110, which may have ashape that is the same as or substantially similar to the latch members6106 of the bottom housing member 6104. For example, the latch members6110 may be configured to engage the same features of the tag 6102 thatthe latch members 6106 engage to retain the bottom housing member 6104to the tag 6102. In this way, the tag 6102 may be attached to anddetached from the mounting base 6108 in substantially the same manner asthe bottom housing member 6104 and without requiring a different set ofattachment features in the tag 6102 for each of the bottom housingmember and the mounting base.

The mounting base 6108 may also include a contact block 6112 that isdisposed in the battery cavity of the tag 6102 when the tag 6102 isattached to the mounting base 6108. The contact block 6112 may have ashape that is the same as or similar to at least a portion of thebattery that is designed to fit in the tag 6102. In this way, thecontact block 6112 may extend into the battery cavity of the tag 6102and engage the battery connector of the tag 6102 in a manner that is thesame as or similar to the type of battery that powers the tag 6102.

The mounting base 6108 may include or be attached to a cable 6109, whichmay provide power (e.g., an input current) to the tag 6102 through themounting base 6108, and more particularly, through conductive membersthat are integrated with the contact block and engage with the batteryconnector of the tag 6102. The contact block 6112 may be formed of apolymer or other insulating or substantially non-conductive material.The non-conductive material allows the mounting base 6108 to supportconductive members (described with respect to FIG. 62 ) that provideelectrical current to the tag 6102, without shorting the conductivemembers together.

FIG. 62 shows additional details of the mounting base 6108. The mountingbase 6108 includes the contact block 6112. The mounting base 6108 mayalso include first and second conductive members 6202, 6204. The firstconductive members 6202 may be positioned in a location that generallycorresponds to the negative terminal of a button cell battery.Accordingly, due to the position of the first conductive members 6202,when the tag 6102 is mounted on the mounting base 6108, the firstconductive members 6202 may conductively couple to the deflectable armof the battery connector that is configured to contact the negativeterminal of the button cell battery (e.g., the third deflectable arm1008, FIG. 10B). Similarly, the second conductive members 6204 may bepositioned more towards the periphery of the contact block 6112, at alocation that generally corresponds to the positive terminal of thebutton cell battery. The second conductive members 6204 may thusconductively couple to the deflectable arms of the battery connectorthat is configured to contact the positive terminal of the button cellbattery (e.g., the first and second deflectable arms 1004, 1006, FIG.10B).

The first and second conductive members 6202, 6204 may provideelectrical power to the tag 6102 to power the tag in the absence of thebattery. The power provided may mimic the power provided by a battery.For example, the mounting base 6108 may provide 1.5 volt direct currentto the tag 6102 via the first and second conductive members 6202, 6204.In some cases, the power delivered through the cable 6109 is 1.5 voltdirect current, in which case the current may be provided directly fromthe cable 6109 to the first and second conductive members 6202, 6204.More generally, the power delivered through the cable 6109 may besupplied from a DC power supply that provides the same or similar DCpower that would otherwise be provided by the battery or batteries thatpower the tag.

In other cases, the cable 6109 delivers electrical power with differentcharacteristics to the mounting base 6108 (e.g., 120 volt alternatingcurrent, 5 volts direct current, etc.). In such cases, the mounting base6108 may include one or more power conversion systems to convertincoming power to a voltage or current suitable to operate the tag 6102(e.g., an ac-to-dc converter). Such systems may include, for example,air core or magnetic core transformers, switched-mode power supplies(e.g., boost converters, buck converters, boost-buck converters, orother chopper circuits), analog voltage regulation circuits (e.g.,voltage regulators, voltage reducers, clamp circuits, voltage dividercircuits, voltage multiplier circuits, compensation networks, rectifiercircuits, inverter circuits, and the like), or the like. The cable 6109may be permanently attached to the mounting base 6108 (as shown), or itmay be removable. For example, the mounting base 6108 may include a portfor receiving the plug of a USB cable or other suitable power cable.

The power cable 6109 may be configured to plug into a power supply. Forexample, the power cable 6109 may be configured to plug into aresidential AC power supply. In some cases, instead of or in addition tothe power cable 6109, a plug (e.g., a two- or three-prong plug) may beintegrated with the mounting base. In such cases, when the mounting base6108 is plugged into an outlet, the mounting base may be mechanicallysupported in place by the physical plug/outlet connection.

The first and second conductive members 6202, 6204 are arranged so thatat least one of the first conductive members 6202 and at least one ofthe second conductive members 6204 contacts the battery connector of thetag 6102 regardless of the radial position of the tag 6102 relative tothe mounting base 6108 when they are attached. In the example shown, thetag 6102 can be attached to the mounting base 6108 in three differentorientations, due to the three latch members and three correspondingengagement features of the tag 6102. The first and second conductivemembers 6202, 6204 are arranged in three pairs so that power is suppliedto the battery connector regardless of which orientation the tag 6102 isin. Other configurations of first and second conductive members 6202,6204 are also contemplated to ensure that power is provided regardlessof tag orientation. Further, the orientation, position, shape, or otheraspect of the first and second conductive members 6202, 6204 may bedesigned in conjunction with the particular battery connectorconfiguration of the tag 6102. Thus, while the arrangement of the firstand second conductive members 6202, 6204 are configured to mate with thebattery connector 900 (FIG. 9 ), different arrangements may be used tomate with different battery connectors (e.g., those shown in FIGS.11A-11D).

FIG. 63 is an exploded view of the mounting base 6108. The mounting basemay include the contact block 6112 and its associated first and secondconductive members 6202, 6204. The mounting base 6108 may include ahousing 6312 to which the other components of the mounting base 6108 maybe coupled. The housing 6312 may define the latch members 6110 (e.g.,the latch members 6110 and the housing 6312 may be a single unitarypiece of material), or they may be separate members that are attached tothe housing 6312.

The housing 6312 may define an opening 6311 through which the end of thecable 6109 may extend. The cable 6109 may include a strain reliefstructure 6309 that helps prevent damage to the cable 6109 (and/ortermination points of the wires inside the housing 6312) due to bendingor twisting relative to the housing 6312. The cable 6109 may includeconductors 6310 that carry electrical power to the mounting base 6108and that are terminated on a circuit board 6306. Where the cable 6109includes other conductors that are not used for carrying power to themounting base 6108 (e.g., wires for data transfer), those conductors maybe terminated to the circuit board but not used (e.g., they may begrounded), or they may be terminated to communications circuitry toallow communications between the mounting base 6108 and other devices.The cable 6109 may include other components such as chokes, filters, orthe like. The cable 6109 may have a plug or connector at a free end,such as a USB connector, a wall plug, or the like. In some cases,instead of a flexible cable such as the cable 6109, a power connector(e.g., a plug for a wall outlet) may be incorporated directly with thehousing of the housing 6312 of the mounting base 6108. For example, aplug for a wall outlet may extend from a surface of the housing 6312.With such a system, a user can plug mounting bases directly into walloutlets and attach tags directly to those bases, thereby providingconvenient power and mounting locations for the tags.

In some cases, a tag may be programmed, controlled, or communicated withthrough the mounting base 6108 via the cable 6109. Further, mountingbases may include additional components or circuitry that supplementsthat of an attached tag. For example, the mounting base 6108 may includecommunications systems (wired or wireless) that the tag lacks, orcommunications systems with a longer wireless range than the tag itself.In such cases, the tag may communicate with other devices (e.g., phones,computers, other tags) through the communications circuitry of themounting base.

The circuit board 6306 may include other electronic components, such asprocessors, memory, power control circuitry, communications circuitry,or any other components that facilitate operation of the mounting base6108 and/or an attached tag.

The housing 6312 may also define a barometric vent 6313. The barometricvent 6313 may be an opening that fluidly couples an interior volume ofthe mounting base 6108 to the exterior environment. As shown, thebarometric vent 6313 fluidly couples the interior volume of the mountingbase to the opening 6311. The opening 6311 may be fluidly coupled withthe exterior environment even when the cable 6109 extends through theopening 6311. The barometric vent 6313 facilitates the equalization ofpressure between the interior volume of the mounting base 6108, as wellas the interior volume of an attached tag, and the exterior environment.The barometric vent 6313 may include other components such as screens,waterproof and air-permeable membranes, and the like. Further, thebarometric vent 6313 may be positioned elsewhere on the housing 6312,such as through a bottom wall or side wall of the housing 6312.

The contact block 6112 may be attached to the housing 6312 and thecircuit board 6306 via adhesive layers 6302, 6304, respectively. Theadhesive layers (as well as the circuit board 6306) may includeopenings, gaps, or discontinuities, or otherwise be configured so thatair can pass between an attached tag and the interior volume of thehousing 6312, thereby facilitating pressure equalization throughout theassembly.

FIG. 64 shows an exploded view of a portion of the mounting base 6108,showing the contact block 6112 and the first and second conductivemembers 6202, 6204. The first and second conductive members 6202, 6204may be positioned in openings, recesses, cavities, or other features inthe contact block 6112, and may be conductively coupled to the circuitboard 6306 (FIG. 63 ) so that electrical power can be supplied to anattached tag through the first and second conductive members 6202, 6204.The first and second conductive members 6202, 6204 may be secured to thecontact block 6112 via adhesives, fasteners, or the like. In some cases,the first and second conductive members 6202, 6204 are insert moldedwith the contact block 6112, thereby securing the first and secondconductive members 6202, 6204 to the contact block 6112 and forming anintegrated assembly.

The first and/or second conductive members 6202, 6204 may be deflectableand/or deformable, and may be biased towards the battery connector of atag to facilitate intimate contact between the first and/or secondconductive members 6202, 6204 and the battery connector to ensureelectrical conductivity between the deflectable arms and the conductivemembers. FIGS. 65A-65B illustrate partial cross-sectional views of themounting base 6108 with the tag 6102 coupled to the mounting base 6108such that the first and second conductive members 6202, 6204 contact thedeflectable arms of a battery connector. For ease of illustration andunderstanding, some components of the mounting base 6108 and the tag6102 are omitted or modified. Further, while the tag 6102 may be anembodiment of the tag 500, some of the components (e.g., the batteryconnector, the first and second conductive members 6202, 6204) may bemodified for clarity and/or to aid in illustration and explanation. Itwill be understood that the features, functions, and/or principles shownand described with respect to the tag 6102 in FIGS. 65A-65B applyequally to the tag 500 and its specific components and configurations.

FIG. 65A illustrates a partial cross-sectional view through a portion ofthe mounting base 6108 and tag 6102 where a first conductive member 6202contacts a first deflectable arm 6508 of a battery connector 6506 of thetag 6102. The battery connector 6506 may be an embodiment of the batteryconnector 900 (FIG. 9 ), and may be attached to a circuit board 6504,which may be an embodiment of the circuit board 510 (FIG. 5B). At leasta portion of the first deflectable arm 6508 may extend through anopening in a frame member 6502 of the tag, which may be an embodiment ofthe frame member 512 (FIG. 5B), to allow the first deflectable arm 6508to contact the first conductive member 6202.

The first deflectable arm 6508 may be biased downwards, while the firstconductive member 6202 may be biased upwards. When the tag 6102 iscoupled to the mounting base 6108, the first deflectable arm 6508 may bedeflected upwards by the first conductive member 6202. In some cases,the first conductive member 6202 may be deflected downwards by the firstdeflectable arm 6508 (and/or it may be deflected downwards by a surfaceof the tag, such as a surface of the frame member 6502). The biasingforces of the first deflectable arm 6508 and the first conductive member6202 thus force the first deflectable arm 6508 and first conductivemember 6202 into contact with one another.

Additionally, the first conductive member 6202 may contact the bottomsurface of the frame member 6502, thereby forcing the tag 6102 generallyupwards relative to the mounting base 6108. This upward force on the tag6102 may help retain the tag 6102 to the mounting base 6108. Forexample, as described above, a biasing force between the bottom housingmember and the main body portion of a tag may provide a force thatmaintains the latch members of the bottom housing member in a secureengagement with the engagement features (e.g., recesses) of the tag.When the battery door is attached to the tag, this biasing force may beprovided by a compliant member, such as the compliant member 518 (FIG.5B). Accordingly, the first conductive member 6202 may provide a similarbiasing force against the tag 6102 to maintain the engagement betweenthe latch members 6110 and the tag 6102.

FIG. 65B illustrates a partial cross-sectional view through a portion ofthe mounting base 6108 and tag 6102 where a second conductive member6204 contacts a second deflectable arm 6510 of a battery connector 6506of the tag 6102. At least a portion of the second deflectable arm 6510may extend through an opening in a frame member 6502 of the tag to allowthe second deflectable arm 6510 to contact the second conductive member6204.

The second deflectable arm 6510 may be biased towards the battery cavity(e.g., to the right in FIG. 65B). The second conductive member 6204 maybe static (e.g., not deflectable and/or not biased in any particulardirection), or it may be biased towards the second deflectable arm 6510(e.g., to the left in FIG. 65B). The biasing force of the seconddeflectable arm 6510 may facilitate intimate contact between the seconddeflectable arm 6510 and the second conductive member 6204 to ensureelectrical conductivity between the second deflectable arm 6510 and thesecond conductive member 6204.

The mounting base 6108 uses latch members 6110 to couple to the tag6102. As noted, the latch members 6110 may be configured substantiallythe same as the latch members of the battery door used for the tag 6102.Thus, the operation of coupling the tag 6102 to the mounting base 6108may be the same as or similar to the operation of coupling the batterydoor to the tag 6102. Where the tag 6102 is an embodiment of the tag500, this may include pressing the tag 6102 and the mounting base 6108together axially, and then twisting the tag 6102 relative to themounting base 6108 to engage the latch members 6110 with a recess orundercut region that traps the latch members 6110 to retain the tag 6102to the mounting base 6108. Other types of fastening mechanisms may beused instead of or in addition to the latch members 6110. For example,FIGS. 66-67 illustrate several other examples of mounting bases that usedifferent techniques to couple to a tag.

FIG. 66 illustrates an example mounting base 6600 that is configured tosemi-permanently attach to a tag, such as the tag 6102. In particular,instead of latch members that are configured to operate substantiallyidentically to the latch members of the tag's battery door, the mountingbase 6600 is configured so that the tag cannot be detached withoutbreaking or risking breaking the tag and/or the mounting base 6600. Toaccomplish this, the mounting base 6600 may include latch members 6604and blocking features 6602 proximate the latch members 6604. The latchmembers 6604 may be configured to engage a channel, ledge, recess, orother feature of the tag such that the tag is axially retained to themounting base 6600. The blocking features 6602 may also engage the tagto prevent or inhibit rotational movement of the tag. In this way, itmay be difficult or impossible to rotate the tag relative to themounting base 6600 in a way that will non-destructively disengage thelatch members 6604 from the tag. Further, the latch members 6604 may notbe accessible to a user to allow the user to disengage the latch members6604 from the tag. Accordingly, the tag may be securely retained to themounting base 6600. This may be useful in instances where the tags areto be used with the mounting base 6600 indefinitely, and/or areinstalled in static locations or displays. For example, the mountingbase 6600 may be used to secure a tag to or near a fire extinguisher,emergency exit, exhibit (e.g., in a museum), retail display, or thelike. The mounting base 6600 may provide power to the battery using acontact block as described with respect to other mounting basesdescribed herein.

FIG. 67 illustrates an example mounting base 6710 that is configured toattach to a tag using a threaded attachment system. In particular, atag, which is otherwise similar to the tag 6102, may include a threadedinterface (e.g., a threaded recess) that may be used to attach a batterydoor with a corresponding threaded feature. Accordingly, the mountingbase 6710 may include or define a threaded feature 6714 (e.g., athreaded cylinder) that is configured to engage the correspondingthreaded feature of a wirelessly locatable tag. The mounting base 6710may include latching features, such as pawls, that semi-permanentlyretain the tag to the mounting base. For example, one or more pawls ofthe mounting base 6710 may engage the tag when the tag is threaded ontothe mounting base 6710, thereby inhibiting the tag from beingun-threaded from the mounting base 6710 (without risking damage to thetag and/or the mounting base). Such features may be implemented forapplications where the tag is not meant to be removed from the mountingbase 6710 such as permanent installations in buildings, museums, retaildisplays, or the like. The mounting base 6710 may provide power to thebattery using a contact block as described with respect to othermounting bases described herein.

While example mounting bases are described as engaging with the samefeatures that are used to attach a battery door to the tag, this is notnecessarily required. Rather, in some cases a battery door and amounting base may attach to a tag using different mounting features ortechniques. For example, a battery door may attach to a tag using anengagement between a latch member and a recess, while a mounting basemay attach to the same tag using a threaded feature of the tag.

FIG. 68 illustrates an example contact block 6800 that is configured toengage the battery connector of a tag to provide power to the batteryconnector. The contact block 6800 may be used as an alternative to thecontact block 6112, and may be incorporated into any suitable mountingbase, such as the mounting bases described herein. The contact block6800 includes a first conductive member 6802 positioned on a top surfaceof the contact block 6800 and configured to engage a deflectable arm ofa battery connector (e.g., the deflectable arm 6508, FIG. 65A). Thefirst conductive member 6802 may have a disk-like shape, and may defineall or substantially all of the top surface of the contact block 6800.Because the first conductive member 6802 has a continuous surface aroundthe top of the contact block 6800, the first conductive member 6802 willcontact the battery connector regardless of the rotational position ofthe tag relative to the contact block 6800. The contact block 6800 mayalso include second conductive members 6804, which may be configuredsubstantially the same as other second conductive members describedherein (e.g., the second conductive members 6204). In some cases,instead of multiple discontinuous second conductive members 6804, asingle second conductive member 6804 may extend annularly around theperiphery of the contact block 6800, thereby ensuring that a portion ofthe second conductive member 6804 will contact the battery connector ofthe tag regardless of the rotational position of the tag relative to thecontact block 6800.

The contact block 6800 may also include a biasing member 6806 that isconfigured to apply a biasing force on the tag. As described above, abiasing force from a contact block may force latch members of a contactblock into engagement with corresponding features of a tag. The biasingmember 6806 may be a spring, foam, elastomer, or any other suitablematerial or component that can apply the requisite biasing force to thetag.

The foregoing example mounting bases describe some example featuresand/or mechanisms for attaching to tags. Of course, other configurationsare also contemplated. For example, the features or members that aredescribed as being on a mounting base may be provided on a tag instead,and the tag's features may instead be on the corresponding mountingbase. Further, where tags use other types of mechanisms to retain abattery door or other housing member, a mounting base may use the sametype of mechanism to attach to that tag.

One advantage of the size and form factor of the tags described hereinis that they can be securely attached to numerous types of accessoriesusing numerous attachment techniques and components. For example,accessories may be provided that allow the tag to be attached to a keyring (also referred to herein as a split ring), a wallet, a briefcase, apurse, an article of clothing, luggage, a notebook or tablet computer, apet's collar, or any other item that a user desires to track with awirelessly locatable tag, as described herein.

FIGS. 69A-128 illustrate various example accessories and attachmenttechniques that may be used with the tags described herein. FIGS.69A-69C, for example, illustrate an example tag retainer 6900 forholding a tag, such as the tag 300 (FIG. 3 ) or any other tag embodimentdescribed herein. The tag retainer 6900 may also be referred to as aholder, tag holder, tag accessory, or simply accessory. The tag retainer6900 may include a tag receptacle portion 6902 and an attachment portion6904 (which may be or may resemble a strap and may be referred to hereinas a strap or a fastening strap). The tag receptacle portion 6902 isconfigured to receive and hold the tag 300 securely, and the attachmentportion 6904 is configured to attach the tag retainer 6900 to anotherobject. The tag receptacle portion 6902 may also be referred to as apocket, recess, or tag retaining feature. As shown in FIGS. 69A-69B, theattachment portion 6904 is attached to a split ring 6906, though this ismerely one example object to which it could be attached. For example,the attachment portion 6904 may be attached to a luggage or pursehandle, a pet collar, or any other suitable object.

The tag retainer 6900 may define an opening 6910, defined along lessthan a complete circumference of the tag receptacle portion 6902, thatallows the tag 300 to be placed in and removed from the tag retainer6900. The tag retainer 6900 also includes a fastener 6908 that isconfigured to releasably secure the opening 6910 in a closed position.The fastener 6908 may also be configured to secure the attachmentportion 6904 in a closed or looped position (as shown in FIGS. 69A-69C)to couple the attachment portion 6904 (fastening strap) to anotherobject, such as the split ring 6906. The fastener 6908 may permanentlysecure the end of the attachment portion 6904 to the base of theattachment portion 6904 (thereby permanently forming the loop in theattachment portion 6904), or it may releasably secure the end of theattachment portion 6904 to the base of the attachment portion 6904 suchthat the loop can be selectively opened or closed (so the attachmentportion 6904 can be easily attached to or detached from an object suchas the split ring 6906, a suitcase or briefcase, or the like).

The fastener 6908 may be a snap, clip, button, or any other suitablefastener. In some cases, the fastener 6908 includes multiple snapelements to allow the opening 6910 in the tag receptacle portion 6902 tobe fastened and unfastened independently of the loop formed in theattachment portion 6904. Stated another way, the loop in the attachmentportion 6904 may be fastened and unfastened (e.g., to allow the tagretainer 6900 to be attached to or detached from other objects) whilethe opening 6910 remains fastened closed.

The tag receptacle portion 6902 may define a circular cavity in whichthe tag 300 is placed. The circular cavity may have a size and shapethat generally corresponds to that of the tag 300, such that the surfaceof the tag receptacle portion 6902 that defines the cavity (e.g., theinner surface of the receptacle portion) touches and/or is in intimatecontact with the exterior surfaces of the tag 300 when the tag 300 is inthe cavity. This may help prevent movement of the tag 300 within thecavity and help secure the tag 300 in the cavity. Thus, for example, thesize and shape of the cavity may be the same as or substantially thesame as the size and shape of the tag 300.

The tag receptacle portion 6902 may have one or more openings 6912 thatallow a user to see into the tag receptacle portion 6902 and easilydetermine if the tag 300 is or is not currently in the tag receptacleportion 6902. The openings 6912 may also allow speakers, microphones,environmental sensors, and/or other inputs and/or outputs of the tag 300to access the outside environment. For example, at least one of theopenings 6912 may be aligned with a portion of a tag housing that actsas a speaker diaphragm. In this manner, the surface of the housing thatmoves to produce audible and/or tactile outputs may be exposed and/orun-occluded so that audible and/or tactile outputs are not inhibited.The openings 6912 may be specifically configured in view of the tag 300(or any tag for which the retainer 6900 is designed) to have sizesand/or shapes that are smaller than the tag 300, such that the tag 300cannot fall out of the tag retainer 690 through the openings 6912. Forexample, the openings 6912 may be circular openings with a diameter thatis less than the largest diameter of a circular tag. In some cases, thediameters (or the largest dimension) of the openings 6912 are less thanabout 3 inches, less than about 2 inches, or less than about 1 inch.Other embodiments may be completely enclosed or otherwise not providevisual access to the inside of the tag receptacle portion 6902.

The tag retainer 6900 may be formed from or include any suitablematerials. For example, the tag retainer 6900 may be formed fromleather, polymer (e.g., silicone, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)),fabric or cloth, or the like. If the tag retainer 6900 is formed ofpolymer, it may be formed as a single unitary polymer part (with theexception of the fastener 6908). The tag retainer 6900 may also beformed by joining multiple different layers, materials, and/or partstogether. For example, the tag receptacle portion 6902 may include afirst layer that defines a first portion of the tag receptacle portion6902 (and optionally including the attachment portion 6904), and asecond portion that defines a second portion of the tag receptacleportion 6902. The first layer may correspond to the material on the leftside of the vertical seam shown in FIGS. 69A and 69B (e.g., the seamthat defines and/or corresponds to the opening 6910), while the secondlayer may correspond to the material on the right side of the verticalseam. The first and second layers of the tag retainer 6900 may eachinclude one layer of material, or they may each be formed of multiplesublayers of materials, with the sublayers being attached to one another(e.g., laminated) using adhesives, ultrasonic welding, laser welding,stitching, insert molding, or any other suitable technique.

The first and second layers may be sewn, stitched, adhered, or otherwisecoupled together around part of the circumference of the tag receptacleportion 6902 to join the first and second layers while also defining theopening 6910 that allows the tag 300 to be inserted into and removedfrom the tag receptacle portion 6902. For example, the first layer maybe adjacent the second layer along an interface region (e.g., thesurfaces of the first and second layers that face and/or abut oneanother when the tag retainer 6900 is assembled and closed). The secondlayer may be attached to the first layer along a first segment of theinterface region (e.g., around the bottom portion of the tag retainer,as illustrated in FIGS. 69B-69C by the absence of a seam or line betweenthe left and right portions), and may be unattached to the first layeralong a second segment of the interface region, thereby defining theopening 6910 between the first layer and the second layer.

FIGS. 69D-69G illustrate another example tag retainer 6920 that issimilar to the tag retainer 6900, but secures the tag retainer in aclosed configuration using a strap interlaced with a tab, instead of afastener such as a snap. The tag retainer 6920 may otherwise besubstantially similar to the tag retainer 6900. The details of the tagretainer 6900 apply equally or by analogy to the tag retainer 6920, andmay not be repeated here to avoid redundancy.

The tag retainer 6920 may include a tag receptacle portion 6922 and anattachment portion or strap 6926. The tag receptacle portion 6922 isconfigured to receive and hold the tag 300 securely, and the strap 6926is configured to attach the tag retainer 6920 to another object. Asshown in FIGS. 69D and 69G, the strap 6926 is attached to a split ring6934 (which passes through a loop 6932 at a terminal end of the strap6926), though this is merely one example object to which it could beattached. For example, the strap 6926 may be attached to a luggage orpurse handle, a pet collar, or any other suitable object. The strap 6926extends from the tag receptacle portion 6922 proximate the first opening6929.

The tag retainer 6920 may define an opening 6929, defined along lessthan a complete circumference of the tag receptacle portion 6922, thatallows the tag 300 to be placed in and removed from the tag retainer6920. The tag retainer 6920 also includes a tab 6928 extending from thetag receptacle portion 6922 proximate the first opening 6929. The tab6928 defines a strap opening 6930, that is configured to receive thestrap 6926 therethrough (e.g., the strap 6926 is configured to extendthrough the opening 6930) to retain the first opening 6929 in a closedconfiguration. The strap 6926 is also configured to be removed from thestrap opening 6930 to allow the first opening 6929 to expand to acceptthe tag 300.

The split ring 6934 may be removed from the strap 6926 to facilitatepassing the strap 6926 through the opening 6930 and/or removing thestrap 6926 from the opening 6930. When attached to the strap 6926, thesize of the split ring 6934 may prevent the strap 6926 from beingremoved from the opening 6930, thereby maintaining the opening 6929 in aclosed configuration. For example, a dimension of the split ring 6934(e.g., a diameter) is larger than a dimension of the opening 6930 (e.g.,a largest linear dimension of the opening), thereby preventing theterminal end of the strap 6926 from passing through the opening 6930when the split ring 6934 is attached to the loop 6932 of the strap 6926.FIG. 69E shows the tag retainer 6920 with the opening 6929 in an openconfiguration to receive the tag 300. In this configuration, the strap6926 is not extended through the opening 6930. FIG. 69F shows the tagretainer 6920 with the opening 6929 in a closed configuration, after thestrap 6926 has been passed through the opening 6930. FIG. 69G shows thetag retainer 6920 after the split ring 6934 has been attached to thestrap 6926 (through the loop 6932). In the configuration of FIG. 69G,the opening 6929 may be retained in a closed configuration by theinterference of the split ring 6934 with the opening 6930. By retainingthe opening 6929 closed, inadvertent opening of the tag receptacleportion 6922 and release of the tag 300 may be prevented or inhibited.

The tag receptacle portion 6922 may define a circular cavity in whichthe tag 300 is placed. The circular cavity may have a size and shapethat generally corresponds to that of the tag 300, such that the surfaceof the tag receptacle portion 6922 that defines the cavity (e.g., theinner surface of the tag receptacle portion 6922) touches and/or is inintimate contact with the exterior surfaces of the tag 300 when the tag300 is in the cavity. This may help prevent movement of the tag 300within the cavity and help secure the tag 300 in the cavity. Thus, forexample, the size and shape of the cavity may be the same as orsubstantially the same as the size and shape of the tag 300.

The tag receptacle portion 6922 may have one or more openings 6924 thatallow a user to see into the tag receptacle portion 6922 and easilydetermine if the tag 300 is or is not currently in the tag receptacleportion 6922. The openings 6924 may also allow speakers, microphones,environmental sensors, and/or other inputs and/or outputs of the tag 300to access the outside environment. For example, at least one of theopenings 6924 may be aligned with a portion of a tag housing that actsas a speaker diaphragm. In this manner, the surface of the housing thatmoves to produce audible and/or tactile outputs may be exposed and/orun-occluded so that audible and/or tactile outputs are not inhibited.Other embodiments may be completely enclosed or otherwise not providevisual access to the inside of the tag receptacle portion 6922.

FIGS. 70A-70D illustrate an example tag retainer 7000, which is similarto the tag retainer 6900 but has a different attachment portion. Inparticular, while the attachment portion 6904 of the tag retainer 6900is configured to be releasably secured in a loop by a mechanicalfastener 6908, the tag retainer 7000 includes an attachment portion 7004that defines an opening 7006 that allows the attachment portion 7004 todefine a loop with itself. For example, FIG. 70D illustrates how theattachment portion 7004 can be formed into a loop using the opening 7006by passing the tag receptacle portion 7002 through the opening 7006. Theattachment portion 7004 may be used to fasten the tag retainer 7000 toany suitable object such as a key ring, purse, luggage handle, or thelike.

The tag retainer 7000 may otherwise be similar in construction and useto the tag retainer 6900. For example, FIG. 70C shows how the tagretainer 7000 may be opened (at opening 7010) to allow the tag 300 to beplaced in and/or removed from the tag receptacle portion 7002. Further,the tag retainer 7000 may define openings (e.g., circular openings) thatallow speakers, microphones, environmental sensors, and/or other inputsand/or outputs of the tag 300 to access the outside environment. The tagretainer 7000 may include a fastener 7008 that is configured toreleasably secure the opening 7010 in a closed position (as shown inFIGS. 70B and 70D). The fastener 7008 may be a snap, button, or anyother suitable fastening mechanism. In some cases, the tag retainer 7000may selectively retain its opening 7010 in the closed configurationusing an arrangement as shown in FIGS. 69D-69G (e.g., a tab with anopening configured to receive the strap or attachment portion 7004).Other details of the tag retainer 7000 may be the same as or similar tothose of the tag retainer 6900, and for brevity may not be repeatedhere.

FIGS. 71A-71C illustrate an example tag retainer 7100. FIG. 71Aillustrates a top perspective view of the tag retainer 7100, and FIG.71B illustrates a bottom view of the tag retainer 7100. The tag retainer7100 may act as a protective shell for a tag, and may also facilitatethe attachment of the tag to other components. The tag retainer 7100 maybe formed from a flexible and/or compliant material so that the tagretainer 7100 can be stretched or otherwise deformed to allow the tag300 to be inserted into and removed from the tag retainer 7100. Forexample, the tag retainer 7100 may be formed from or include silicone,TPU, or another suitable polymer or other material. The tag retainer7100 may be formed from a unitary piece of a single material.

The tag retainer 7100 may include a tag receptacle portion 7102 and agripping portion 7104 (which may be used to grip the tag retainer and/orattach the tag retainer to another object). The tag receptacle portion7102 may define a first opening 7106 along a first side of the tagreceptacle portion 7102 and a second opening 7108 along a second side ofthe tag receptacle portion 7102. The first opening 7106 may be sized andconfigured so that a battery door of the tag 300 extends into the firstopening 7106 when the tag 300 is positioned in the tag retainer 7100,and may be smaller than the second opening 7108. As shown in FIG. 71C,which is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer 7100, viewedalong line 71C-71C in FIG. 71A, the thickness of the material thatdefines the perimeter of the tag receptacle portion 7102 may besubstantially equal to the distance that the battery door extends abovethe surface of the main body portion of the tag 300. Accordingly, anexterior surface of the tag receptacle portion 7102 proximate the firstopening 7106 may be substantially flush with the surface of the batterydoor.

The second opening 7108 may be sized and configured to allow the tag 300to be placed in and removed from the tag retainer 7100. The secondopening 7108 may be at least partially defined by or proximate to a tagretention feature 7110 that contacts the tag 300 and retains the tag 300in the tag retainer 7100. The tag retention feature 7110 may be orresemble a lip, flange, protrusion, or other feature. The tag retentionfeature 7110 may extend around the entire circumference of the secondopening 7108.

The tag 300 may be inserted into and removed from the tag retainer 7100by deforming or stretching the second opening 7108 so that the tag 300can be fit into the tag retainer 7100. The first and second openings7106, 7108 may be configured to allow speakers, microphones,environmental sensors, and/or other inputs and/or outputs of the tag 300to access the outside environment when the tag 300 is placed in the tagretainer 7100.

The tag retainer 7100 may also define a flange 7103 that extends atleast partially (and optionally completely) around the outer peripheryof the tag retainer 7100. The flange 7103 may allow the tag retainer7100 to be attached to other objects. For example, the flange 7103 maybe sewn, adhered, bonded, or otherwise attached to another object suchas an article of clothing, a purse, a wallet, or the like. The grippingportion 7104 may be considered an extension of or enlarged portion ofthe flange 7103. The tag retainer 7100 may also define a vent similar tothe vent 7204 (FIGS. 72A-72C) to allow sound waves, which may beproduced by moving the housing member of the tag 300, to escape a volumedefined between space between the tag 300 and a surface to which it isattached.

FIGS. 72A-72C illustrate an example tag retainer 7200. FIG. 72Aillustrates a top perspective view of the tag retainer 7200, and FIG.72B illustrates a bottom view of the tag retainer 7200. FIG. 72C is apartial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer 7200, viewed along line72C-72C in FIG. 72A. The tag retainer 7200 may be similar in size andconstruction to the tag retainer 7100 (but without the grip portion).For example, the tag retainer 7200 may be formed from or includesilicone, TPU, or another suitable polymer or other material. The tagretainer 7200 may be formed from a unitary piece of a single material.

The tag retainer 7200 defines a first opening 7202 that at leastpartially receives a battery door of the tag 300 (similar to the firstopening 7106 of the tag retainer 7100) and a second opening 7206 thatallows the tag 300 to be inserted into and removed from the tag retainer7200. Similar to the tag retainer 7100, the second opening 7206 may beat least partially defined by or proximate to a tag retention feature7208 (e.g., a lip, flange, protrusion) that contacts the tag 300 andretains the tag 300 in the tag retainer 7200.

The tag retainer 7200 may be adapted to be adhered to other componentsalong a bottom surface 7210 of the tag retainer 7200. For example, anadhesive layer may be applied to the bottom surface 7210 to allow thetag retainer 7200 to be adhered to another object after the tag 300 isinserted into the tag retainer 7200. In some cases the adhesive mayinclude a tear-away backing so that the tag retainer 7200 may be soldwith the adhesive attached. A user can then simply place a tag 300 intothe tag retainer 7200, remove the backing, and adhere the tag retainer7200 to an object (e.g., a computer, luggage, a mobile phone, etc.).

The tag retainer 7200 may define a vent 7204 along the bottom surface7210. The vent 7204 may fluidly couple the external environment aroundthe tag retainer 7200 to the space defined between an outer surface 7211of the tag 300 and the surface on which the tag retainer 7200 ismounted. This may allow sound produced by the tag 300 to be transmittedmore effectively to the outside environment. More particularly, asdescribed above, the tag 300 may include an audio system that producesaudible output, optionally using the outer surface 7211 of the tag 300as a speaker diaphragm. The vent 7204 may allow air pressure waves toexit the otherwise enclosed space between the tag 300 and the surface towhich it is attached, so that the sounds can be more easily heard (e.g.,the vent 7204 reduces the sound attenuation as compared to an un-ventedtag retainer 7200). The size and shape of the tag retainer 7200 may beconfigured so that the volume defined between the outer surface 7211 ofthe tag 300 and a surface to which the tag retainer 7200 is attachedoperates as a Helmholtz resonator, or is otherwise tuned to providesatisfactory acoustic performance.

As noted above, the size and shape of the tags described herein mayallow the tags to be secured to accessories in various different ways.For example, the tag retainers 6900 and 7000 contact the tag on multiplesides to partially (or fully) enclose the tag. The tag retainers 7100,7200 have circumferential tag retention features (e.g., a circular liparound an opening) that retain a tag in the tag retainers. However,numerous other techniques for retaining a tag are also contemplated. Asused herein, the structures and/or components used to retain a tag to anaccessory or another object may be referred to as “tag retainers.” Thus,the tag retention features 7110 and 7208 may be examples of tagretainers. FIGS. 73A-128 show numerous examples of tag retainers. Forsimplicity, FIGS. 73A-128 show examples of tag retainers in the contextof one example accessory (an accessory with an elongated segment forforming a loop around a key ring, as one example), though it will beunderstood that any of the tag retainers shown in FIGS. 73A-128 may beused with other types of accessories as well. For example, a tagretainer that is used in a keychain accessory may instead beincorporated with a luggage-attachment accessory.

FIG. 73A depicts an example tag retainer 7300 that includes a body 7302and one or more retention flanges 7304 secured to the body 7302, wherethe retention flanges 7304 have a greater stiffness than the body 7302.The retention flanges 7304 may be configured to extend at leastpartially into a gap or channel between a battery door and a main bodyportion of a tag to retain the tag to an accessory. The increasedstiffness of the retention flanges 7304 relative to the body 7302 helpsincrease the strength and security of the attachment. As used herein,the gap between the battery door and the main body portion of a tag maybe referred to as a “housing gap.” Further, a housing gap of a tag neednot be defined by a battery door and a main body portion, and insteadmay be defined between other components of a tag (e.g., two housingmembers, neither of which operate as a battery door).

When installing a tag into the tag retainer 7300, the body 7302 may beconfigured to stretch to allow an opening of the body 7302 to beenlarged to accommodate the tag, and then return to an un-stretched (orless stretched) configuration to bias the retention flanges 7304 intothe housing gap. The retention flanges 7304 may be snapped into and outof position in the housing gap when inserting and removing the tag 300.

FIG. 73B is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer 7300 ofFIG. 73A, viewed along line 73B-73B in FIG. 73A, showing how the tag 300may be installed and retained in the tag retainer 7300. As shown, thetag 300 defines a gap 7306 between part of a battery door and a mainbody portion of the tag 300 (e.g., a housing gap). The retention flanges7304 are configured so that a portion of the retention flanges 7304extend into the housing gap 7306 to retain the tag 300 in the tagretainer 7300.

The retention flanges 7304 may be attached to the body 7302 in anysuitable way. For example, the retention flanges 7304 may be insertedinto a mold, and then material for the body 7302 may be injected intothe mold to at least partially encapsulate the retention flanges 7304and retain the retention flanges 7304 to the body 7302. The retentionflanges 7304 may also be adhered to the body 7302 or secured in anyother suitable way.

FIGS. 74A-74F illustrate an example tag retainer 7400 that includes aspring member 7404 embedded in a body 7402. The body 7402 may be formedfrom a compliant, flexible material or materials (such as silicone, TPU,or another suitable polymer), and the spring member 7404 may be formedfrom a material having a higher stiffness, such as a metal (e.g., springsteel) or less flexible polymer. The body 7402 and the spring member7404 may cooperate to engage a housing gap of a tag. In particular, asshown in FIG. 74A, the body 7402 is biased into a housing gap of a tagby the spring member 7404. To more clearly illustrate how the tagretainer 7400 engages the tag 300, FIG. 74A illustrates a sectional viewof the tag 300, showing the tag 300 without an upper portion of thebattery door. (The section line 7403 of the tag 300 is shown in FIG.74C.)

In order to attach or detach the tag 300 from the tag retainer 7400, thetag retainer 7400 is manipulated so that the spring member 7404 and thebody 7402 can expand. For example, a force applied to the body 7402(indicated by arrows 7407) may force engagement ends 7410 of the springmember 7404 against the tag 300, thereby allowing the engagement ends7410 to spread apart, ultimately enlarging the opening in the body 7402to allow the tag 300 to be more easily removed from or inserted into theopening.

FIGS. 74C-74F are partial cross-sectional views of the tag retainer 7400and the tag 300 of FIG. 74A, viewed along line 74C-74C in FIG. 74A,illustrating an example process for disengaging the tag 300 from the tagretainer 7400. In FIG. 74C, the tag 300 is positioned in an opening ofthe tag retainer 7400 such that the a portion of the body 7402 of thetag retainer 7400 is positioned in a housing gap, thereby retaining thetag 300 to the tag retainer 7400. The spring member 7404 biases the body7402 into the housing gap, as described above.

In FIG. 74D, a force is applied to the tag retainer 7400 (and/or the tag300), as indicated by arrows 7409. (This operation corresponds to FIG.74B.) The force may be applied by grasping the tag 300 and/or the tagretainer 7400 in hand and applying a force that tends to move the tag300 towards the engagement ends 7410 of the spring member 7404. Thisoperation expands the size of the opening and introduces a gap 7412between a flap 7408 of the body 7402 and the tag 300. In FIG. 74E, thetag retainer 7400 is angled to disengage the flap 7408 of the body 7402from the housing gap. When the flap 7408 is removed from the housinggap, the rest of the body 7402 may be easily disengaged from the housinggap to fully remove the tag 300 from the tag retainer 7400, as shown inFIG. 74F. The tag 300 may be coupled to the tag retainer 7400 byreversing these steps.

Notably, the force that is required to easily detach the tag 300 fromthe tag retainer 7400 is in an opposite direction than the types ofaccidental forces that may be imparted to the tag 300 during use. Forexample, if the tag retainer 7400 is coupled to a purse via a strap7411, if the tag 300 were to snag on another object such as a piece ofclothing, the force would tend to pull the tag 300 away from the strap,which is in the opposite direction to the force that is used to decouplethe tag 300. Forces in this direction may actually serve to furthertighten or secure the tag 300 to the tag retainer 7400. In this way, thetag retainer 7400 may allow the tag 300 to be attached and detachedeasily, while reducing the risk of accidental detachment due to snagsand the like.

In some cases the tag retainer 7400 may have a stiffening element (orthe body 7402 may be formed from a sufficiently stiff material) so thatthe force applied to the body 7402 may be effectively transferred to theengagement ends 7410 of the spring element. For example, a strap orhandle portion of the body 7402 may be formed from or include a metal,plastic, or other material that is stiffer than the portion of the body7402 that defines the opening and engages the tag 300. The engagementends 7410 of the spring member 7404 may define curved regions that arenearer to the tag 300 than other portions of the spring member 7404.These curved regions may result in a primary body/tag interface atlocation 7406 (FIGS. 74A-74B) during the coupling and decouplingoperations. By focusing the force at this location 7406, a sufficientlylarge portion of the force applied by a user may be transferred to thespring member 7404 to cause it (and thus the opening) to expand.

The spring member 7404 may be at least partially embedded in the body7402. For example, the spring member 7404 and the body 7402 may beinsert molded to produce the tag retainer 7400.

FIGS. 75A-75C illustrate a tag retainer 7500 similar to the tag retainer7400 but with a different spring member configuration. The tag retainer7500 may include a body 7502, which may be formed from or include apolymer material or other compliant material (including combinations ofmaterials), and a spring member 7504, which may be formed from amaterial with a greater stiffness than the body (e.g., spring steel, apolymer, etc.). The spring member 7504 may define extension ends 7506that extend away from the opening in the body 7502 and optionally into ahandle portion 7513 of the body 7502. The extension ends 7506 may helpincrease the stiffness of the body 7502 so that a force applied to thetag retainer 7500 and/or the tag 300 to couple or decouple the tag 300may be transferred efficiently to the tag/body interface.

FIGS. 75B-75C are partial cross-sectional views of the tag retainer 7500and the tag 300 of FIG. 75A, viewed along line 75B-75B in FIG. 75A,illustrating a process of attaching the tag 300 to the tag retainer7500. As shown in FIG. 75B, a first side of the body 7502 is engagedwith the tag 300, and a force (indicated by arrow 7507) is applied tothe body 7502 tending to pivot the body 7502 into engagement with thehousing gap. The force may cause the spring member 7504, and thus theopening size, to expand to allow the body 7502 to stretch over thebattery door of the tag 300 and engage the housing gap. FIG. 75C showsthe tag retainer 7500 fully engaged with the housing gap.

The tag retainers 7400 and 7500 each include an example spring member,though alternative types of spring members may be used in their place.For example, a c-clip may be used, and the c-clip may include holes forengaging an opening tool. In such cases, a tag may be coupled by forcingthe c-clip open using a tool, inserting the tag into the opening, andremoving the tool to allow the c-clip to force the tag retainer toengage the tag.

FIGS. 76A-76C illustrate a tag retainer 7600 with a closed-ring springmember 7604 embedded in a body 7602. In contrast to the spring membersin the tag retainers 7400 and 7500, which each define two free ends, theclosed-ring spring member 7604 defines a continuous, closed ring shape.The body 7602, and in particular the body material and the size andshape of the opening 7601 may be configured so that the tag can beinserted into and removed from the opening 7601 without the closed-ringspring member 7604 significantly flexing or expanding. Instead, theopening 7601 is slightly larger than the size of the part of the tagthat the opening 7601 surrounds.

FIGS. 76B-76C are partial cross-sectional views of the tag retainer 7600of FIG. 76A, viewed along line 76B-76B in FIG. 76A, illustrating aprocess of attaching the tag 300 to the tag retainer 7600. As shown inFIG. 76B, a first side of the body 7602 is engaged with the tag 300 (atlocation 7606) such that the body 7602 contacts the tag 300 at thatlocation, or is otherwise sufficiently close to the tag to allow theother end of the body 7602 to pass over the tag 300 at location 7609 (asindicated by arrow 7607). The body 7602 may have sufficient complianceso that it can stretch slightly when the tag 300 is being inserted.

Once the tag 300 is in the opening of the tag retainer 7600, a portionof the body 7602 and the closed-ring spring member 7604 may bepositioned in the housing gap under the overhang of the battery door,though there may remain a space 7608 between the body 7602 and the tag300, resulting from the larger diameter of the opening 7601 toaccommodate the greater stiffness (e.g., lower deformability) of the tagretainer 7600 due to the closed-ring spring member 7604.

FIGS. 77A-77B illustrate a tag retainer 7700 with another type of springmember 7704 embedded in a body 7702. In particular, the free ends of thespring member 7704 are crossed over one another to define manipulationends 7705. A force can be applied to the manipulation ends 7705 by auser, as indicated by arrows 7707 in FIG. 77B, to cause the opening ofthe tag retainer 7700 to expand. This expansion produces additionalspace 7706 between the body 7702 and the tag 300 to allow the tag 300 tobe attached and/or detached from the tag retainer 7700. When the forceis removed, the spring member 7704 returns to its smaller state, therebybiasing the opening to its un-expanded state to help maintain the tagretainer 7700 in the housing gap and thus keep the tag 300 secured tothe tag retainer 7700.

FIGS. 78A-78B illustrate a tag retainer 7800 with another type of springmember 7804 embedded in a body 7802. The spring member 7804 may be acircular coil spring that can be expanded when a radial force is appliedto the spring member 7804. Thus, for example, a force can be applied tothe tag 300 tending to pull the tag 300 radially outward with respect tothe circular spring member 7804, thereby causing the opening of the tagretainer 7800 to expand (as shown in FIG. 78B). This expansion producesadditional space 7806 between the body 7802 and the tag 300 to allow thetag 300 to be attached and/or detached from the tag retainer 7800. Whenthe force is removed, the spring member 7804 returns to its smallerstate, thereby biasing the opening to its un-expanded state to helpmaintain the tag retainer 7800 in the housing gap and thus keep the tag300 secured to the tag retainer 7800. The spring member 7804 may be aconventional coil spring wrapped about the opening. In other cases, thespring member 7804 resembles a flattened coil spring (e.g., the heightof the spring member is less than a diameter of the coil loops).

FIGS. 79A-79B illustrate another example tag retainer 7900. The tagretainer 7900 includes a body 7902 that is formed into a circular endthat defines an opening 7901 for receiving a tag therein. The body 7902may be formed from a stiff core with a soft-touch outer coating. Forexample, the body 7902 may include a metal internal core with a polymerouter coating, jacket, or layer. Or the body 7902 may be formed from twoplastics having different stiffnesses (e.g., a stiffer internal core anda less stiff outer coating). Alternatively, the body 7902 may be formedof a single piece of plastic. The internal core (or the single piece ofplastic) may provide a spring-like force to the body 7902 so that thebody 7902 can be forced into a configuration where the opening 7901defines a closed loop (e.g., to attach to a tag), and the spring forcecan bias the body 7902 into a latched or secured configuration. Theinternal core may extend through at least the part of the body 7902 thatdefines the opening 7901, and optionally through at least part of theclip feature 7904.

The body 7902 includes or defines a clip feature 7904 that can beengaged and disengaged with a retaining portion 7906 of the body 7902 toselectively open or close the circular end. For example, FIG. 79B showsthe tag retainer 7900 with the clip feature 7904 disengaged from theretaining portion 7906 of the body 7902. This shape may correspond tothe shape of the body 7902 when no forces are applied to the body 7902(e.g., the body 7902 is in an unstressed or undeflected state). Theopening 7901 in this state may be sufficiently large for the tag 300 tobe easily inserted into the opening 7901. FIG. 79C shows the tagretainer 7900 with the clip feature 7904 engaged with the retainingportion 7906 of the body 7902, thereby forming a closed loop thatretains the tag retainer 7900 to the tag 300. In this state, the opening7901 may be smaller so that the body 7902 is retained in the housing gapof the tag 300. Further, the spring force produced by the body 7902tends to force the clip feature 7904 away from the retaining portion7906, thereby forcing the clip feature 7904 into secure engagement withthe retaining portion 7906 (e.g., due to the hook-like shape of the clipfeature 7904). Detaching the tag 300 from the tag retainer 7900 may beachieved by pulling on the clip feature 7904 so that it can be unhookedfrom the retaining portion 7906 and allowed to return to its undeflectedstate (shown in FIG. 79B) and the tag 300 can be removed.

FIGS. 80A-80C illustrate another example tag retainer 8000. Similar tothe tag retainer 7900, the tag retainer 8000 may rely on a body 8002that is relatively stiff so that the body can engage a housing gap of atag to secure the tag to the tag retainer 8000. In particular, the body8002 may define an opening 8001 that is biased in an open loop shape,and can be retained in a closed-loop shape via a retention mechanism.

To act as a retention mechanism, the tag retainer 8000 includes a clipend 8004 and a post 8006. The clip end 8004 is configured to engage thepost 8006 to retain the opening 8001 in a closed loop configuration.FIG. 80A shows the tag retainer 8000 in an un-clipped, open loop state,while FIG. 80B shows the tag retainer 8000 in a closed loop state andengaging a housing gap of the tag 300.

FIG. 80C is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer 8000,viewed along line 80C-80C in FIG. 80B, showing the clip end 8004 engagedwith the post 8006 to maintain the opening 8001 in a closed state andretain the tag 300. The clip end 8004 may include or define recesses8012 with undercuts. The post 8006 may extend at least partially intothe recesses 8012 such that a flange 8010 or lip element of the post8006 engages the undercut of the recesses 8012 to retain the clip end8004 to the post 8006. In some cases, the clip end 8004 and the post8006 may use magnetic attraction to help retain the clip end 8004 to thepost 8006. For example, the post 8006 may be formed from or include amagnet, and the clip end 8004 may include ferromagnetic elements 8008(e.g., steel inserts) that are attracted to the magnetic post 8006.Other configurations and positions of magnets, ferromagnetic materials,etc., are also contemplated. The magnetic attraction between the clipend 8004 and the post 8006 may provide several functions. For example,it may help snap the clip end 8004 and the post 8006 into an engagedposition, thereby simplifying the attachment process. Additionally, itmay retain the clip end 8004 and the post 8006 together during use, andmay help maintain the engagement between the flange of the post 8006 andthe undercuts of the recesses 8012 (which may provide greater securityagainst decoupling than the magnetic attraction alone).

FIGS. 81A-81B illustrate an example tag retainer 8100 in which a body8102 forms a loop around a tag, and is secured by a post and holefastening system. In particular, the tag retainer 8100 includes a post8106 and the body 8102 defines an opening 8104 configured to receive thepost 8106. When the post 8106 is inserted into the opening 8104, thebody 8102 defines a loop that surrounds the tag 300 (FIG. 81B) in thehousing gap of the tag 300. The post 8106 may define a free end that islarger than the opening 8104 and a shaft that is smaller than the freeend. The free end may deform the opening 8104 when the post is pushedinto the opening 8104, and the opening 8104 may undeform after the post8106 is inserted, thus causing the opening 8104 and the shaft of thepost 8106 to engage, with the free end serving as a retention featurethat retains the post 8106 in the opening 8104 (and thus retains the tagretainer 8100 in a loop that holds the tag 300).

FIGS. 82A-82B illustrate an example tag retainer 8200 in which a loop issecured around a tag with a slider. FIG. 82A shows the tag retainer8200, which may include a cord 8202 formed into a loop 8201 and wrappedaround the tag 300. To secure the tag retainer 8200 to the tag 300, auser may slide the slider 8204 towards the tag 300, thereby tighteningthe loop 8201 around the tag 300 (and within the housing gap), as shownin FIG. 82B. The tightened loop 8201 in the housing gap providessufficient engagement with the tag 300 to retain the tag 300 to the tagretainer 8200. The slider 8204 may be configured so that frictionbetween holes in the slider 8204 and the cord 8202 (which may extendthrough the holes) is sufficient to prevent accidental movement of theslider 8204, thereby maintaining the loop 8201 in a tightened state. Inother cases the slider 8204 may include a locking mechanism, such as acam lock, clamp, cord lock, releasable ratcheting mechanism (e.g.,similar to a zip tie), or the like, to help prevent the slider 8204 frommoving unintentionally.

FIGS. 83A-83B illustrate an example tag retainer 8300 in which a loop issecured around a tag with a slider. The tag retainer 8300 is similar tothe tag retainer 8200, except that instead of a single cord with twofree ends defining the loop, the tag retainer 8300 includes a body 8302that defines a closed loop opening 8306. A slider 8304 may operatesimilarly to the slider 8204. For example, the slider 8304 may be slidaway from the opening 8306 to increase the size of the opening 8306 andallow the tag 300 to be positioned in the opening 8306 (FIG. 83A). Theslider 8304 may then be slid towards the tag 300 to reduce the size ofthe opening 8306 and capture the tag 300 in the opening 8306 (e.g., bytightening the opening 8306 into the housing gap), as shown in FIG. 83B.The slider 8304 may use friction, ratchet mechanisms, clamps, cams, orother devices or techniques to prevent or limit unintended loosening.

FIG. 84A illustrates another example tag retainer 8400. The tag retainer8400 includes a body 8402 with two interconnected ratchet cords 8404,8406 at least partially embedded in the body 8402. The interconnectedratchet cords 8404, 8406 each include a ratchet mechanism 8408, 8410,respectively. Thus, the ratchet cord 8404 may include the ratchetmechanism 8408, and may extend through and engage with the ratchetmechanism 8410. Similarly, the ratchet cord 8406 may include the ratchetmechanism 8410, and may extend through and engage with the ratchetmechanism 8408. The ratchet mechanisms 8408, 8410 may be configured toallow a corresponding ratchet cord to move therethrough in onedirection, but restrain motion in another direction (similar to theoperation of a zip tie). This ratcheting operation may be exploited toallow the tag retainer 8400 to be tightened by pulling on opposite sidesof the tag retainer 8400, as indicated by arrows 8412. This force maycause both ratchet cords 8404, 8406 to tighten around the tag 300, andthe ratchet mechanisms 8408, 8410 lock the cords into the tightenedstate.

The ratchet cords 8404, 8406 may be semi-permanently retained in thetightened position by the ratchet mechanisms 8408, 8410, such that theycannot be decoupled without damaging the ratchet mechanisms 8408, 8410,the tag 300, and/or some other portion of the tag retainer 8400. Inother cases, the ratchet mechanisms 8408, 8410 may be selectivelyreleasable, such that a user can release the ratchet mechanisms 8408,8410 with a button, latch, lever, or other mechanism and detach the tag300 from the tag retainer 8400. The ratchet cords 8404, 8406 may beformed from a polymer, metal, or any other suitable material, and may beat least partially embedded in the material of the body 8402 (which maybe a polymer such as TPU, silicone, etc.).

FIG. 84B illustrates another example tag retainer 8420 that uses aratchet mechanism to attach the tag retainer 8420 to the tag 300.Whereas the tag retainer 8400 included two ratchet cords, the tagretainer 8420 includes a single ratchet cord 8422 that is looped about aportion of the tag 300. For example, the ratchet cord 8422 may fit atleast partially in and/or engage a housing gap of a tag, and a ratchetmechanism 8424 may releasably secure the ratchet cord 8422 in a closed,tightly looped configuration that retains the ratchet cord 8422 to thetag 300. The ratchet cord 8422 may be tightened by pulling the ratchetcord 8422 along the direction 8426 while holding the tag 300 stationary.Releasing the ratchet cord 8422 may be achieved by actuating a button,latch, lever, or other mechanism of the ratchet mechanism 8424, by usinga tool, or by any other suitable manipulation of the ratchet cord 8422or ratchet mechanism 8424. The ratchet cord 8422 may be formed from apolymer, metal, or any other suitable material, and may be at leastpartially embedded in another material (which may be a polymer such asTPU, silicone, etc.).

FIGS. 85A-91B illustrate various example spring members for attaching towirelessly locatable tags. These spring members all attach to a tag in asimilar manner, namely by engaging the housing gap with a biasing forcethat maintains the tag retainer in the housing gap (and thus engagedwith the undercuts and/or flanges defined by the housing gap). Thespring members in FIGS. 85A-91B may be used to attach directly to tags.When used to attach directly to tags, the spring members may beconfigured to attach to straps, cords, cables, ropes, clips, or othercomponents so that the tag can be attached to something else (e.g.,keys, a purse, luggage, a backpack, etc.). The spring members in FIGS.85A-91B may also be used as the spring members inside the bodies ofother tag retainers. For example, the spring member 7404 in the tagretainer 7400 (FIG. 74A) may be replaced with any of the spring membersin FIGS. 85A-91B.

FIG. 85A shows an example spring member 8500 engaged with the tag 300(e.g., secured in the housing gap). The spring member 8500 definesengagement regions 8504, which are biased into the housing gap to attachthe spring member 8500 to the tag 300, and manipulation regions 8502.The spring member 8500 may be formed from a round (in cross-section)wire formed from metal (e.g., spring steel, stainless steel, etc.), apolymer material, or the like.

The manipulation regions 8502 (also referred to herein as manipulators)are portions of the spring member 8500 that when pressed, pulled, orotherwise manipulated, allows the spring member 8500 to be easilydecoupled from the tag 300. For example, as shown in FIG. 85B, whenopposing forces 8506 are applied to the manipulators 8502 (such as whena user pinches or squeezes the spring member 8500), the engagementregions 8504 spread out to define or increase a gap 8508 between the tag300 and the engagement regions 8504. This increased gap may besufficiently large that the flange or lip of the battery door of the tag300 can pass through the opening defined by the spring member 8500 toallow the tag 300 to be attached to and/or detached from the springmember 8500.

FIG. 86A shows another example spring member 8600 engaged with the tag300 (e.g., secured in the housing gap). The spring member 8600 definesengagement regions 8604, which are biased into the housing gap to attachthe spring member 8600 to the tag 300, and manipulation regions 8602.The spring member 8600 operates similar to the spring member 8500. Forexample, forces 8606 applied to the manipulation regions 8602 cause thespring member 8600 to deform and define a gap 8608 (FIG. 86B) thatallows the tag 300 to be attached and/or detached.

Whereas the spring member 8500 may be formed from a circular wire (incross-section), the spring member 8600 may be formed from a wire orribbon with an elongated (e.g., rectangular) cross-sectional shape. Thenon-circular cross-sectional shape may be exploited to provideadvantageous physical and/or mechanical properties to the spring member8600. For example, the spring member 8600 may be configured so the widerdimension is parallel with the radial dimension of the spring member8600. This orientation may provide a greater stiffness or resistance todeformation in the engagement regions 8604 as compared to themanipulation regions 8602. The manipulation regions 8602, on the otherhand, may have the cross-section rotated by about 90 degrees, thusallowing the forces 8606 to deform the manipulation regions 8602 whilelimiting deformation of the engagement regions 8604. FIGS. 86C and 86Dare partial cross-sectional views of the spring member 8600, viewedalong lines 86C-86C and 86D-86D, respectively, in FIG. 86A. FIGS. 86Cand 86D illustrate the orientations of the cross-sectional shape of thespring member 8600 at the engagement regions 8604 and manipulationregions 8602, respectively. The spring member 8600 may be formed from anelongate (in cross-section) ribbon formed from metal (e.g., springsteel, stainless steel, etc.), a polymer material, or the like. Theelongate ribbon may have a substantially rectangular cross-section.

FIGS. 87A-87C show another example spring member 8700 engaged with thetag 300 (e.g., secured in the housing gap). The spring member 8700defines engagement regions 8704, at least portions of which are biasedinto the housing gap to attach the spring member 8700 to the tag 300,and manipulation regions 8702. The spring member 8700 operates similarto the spring member 8500. For example, forces 8706 applied to themanipulation regions 8702 cause the spring member 8700 to deform anddefine a gap 8708 (FIG. 87B) that allows the tag 300 to be attachedand/or detached.

The manipulation regions 8702 may define coiled springs, as shown inFIG. 87C. The coiled springs may provide the biasing force to maintainthe engagement regions 8704 in engagement with the housing gap, whilealso defining manipulators 8702 that effectively direct forces to expandthe engagement regions 8704. The coiled springs may require relativelyless actuation force than a spring member of similar cross-sectionalshape but without the coiled springs.

FIGS. 88A-88B show another example spring member 8800 engaged with thetag 300 (e.g., secured in the housing gap). The spring member 8800defines engagement regions 8804, at least portions of which are biasedinto the housing gap to attach the spring member 8800 to the tag 300,and manipulation regions 8802. The spring member 8800 defines ahexagonal shape, with the engagement regions 8804 each defined by atleast part of two respective sides (and the apex between those sides).The spring member 8800 operates similar to the spring member 8500. Forexample, forces 8806 applied to the manipulation regions 8802 cause thespring member 8800 to deform and define a gap 8808 (FIG. 88B) thatallows the tag 300 to be attached and/or detached.

FIGS. 89A-89B show another example spring member 8900 engaged with thetag 300 (e.g., secured in the housing gap). The spring member 8900defines engagement regions 8904, at least portions of which are biasedinto the housing gap to attach the spring member 8900 to the tag 300,and manipulation regions 8902. The spring member 8900 defines an oblongshape, with the engagement regions 8904 each defined by a respectivecurved region having a first radius, and the manipulation regions 8902each defined by a respective curved region having a second radius thatis smaller than the first radius. The spring member 8900 operatessimilar to the spring member 8500. For example, forces 8906 applied tothe manipulation regions 8902 cause the spring member 8900 to deform anddefine a gap 8908 (FIG. 89B) that allows the tag 300 to be attachedand/or detached.

FIGS. 90A-90B show another example spring member 9000 engaged with thetag 300 (e.g., secured in the housing gap). The spring member 9000defines engagement regions 9004, at least portions of which are biasedinto the housing gap to attach the spring member 9000 to the tag 300,and first and second manipulation regions 9002, 9003. The manipulationregions 9002, 9003 have different shapes and may be positioneddifferently with respect to the tag 300 when the spring member 9000 isattached to the tag 300. For example, when the spring member 9000 isattached to the tag, the first manipulation region 9002 extends beyondthe housing gap (e.g., it is proud of the housing gap and defines a loopwhere straps, cords, cables, strings, or other components may beattached to couple the spring member 9000 to another object). The secondmanipulation region 9003, by contrast, may remain within the housing gap(e.g., the second manipulation region 9003 may not extend past theflanges, lips, overhangs, or the like, that define the housing gap). Insome cases, the second manipulation region 9003 may act as anotherengagement region, and may contact the tag 300 within the housing gap,when the spring member 9000 is not being attached to and/or detachedfrom the tag 300.

The spring member 9000 operates similar to the spring member 8500. Forexample, forces 9006 applied to the first and second manipulationregions 9002, 9003 cause the spring member 9000 to deform and define agap 9008 (FIG. 90B) that allows the tag 300 to be attached and/ordetached. Because the second manipulation region 9003 may be within thehousing gap, the user may apply the opposing forces 9006 in variousways. As a first example, the user may press a fingernail, a coin, anedge of a credit card, a small tool, or some other implement against thesecond manipulation region 9003 (within the housing gap) while pushingthe first manipulation region 9002 with a finger. This may allow theapplication of the opposing forces 9006 that expand the opening of thespring member 9000 and create the gap 9008. As another example, a usermay first apply a force 9006 to the first manipulation region 9002,which may partially deform the spring member 9000 and force the secondmanipulation region 9003 out of the housing gap, at which time it willbe accessible to a user to press against to more fully deform the springmember 9000 to produce the gap 9008 and allow the tag 300 to be attachedand/or detached.

FIGS. 91A-91B show another example spring member 9100 engaged with thetag 300 (e.g., secured in the housing gap). The spring member 9100defines engagement regions 9104, at least portions of which are biasedinto the housing gap to attach the spring member 9100 to the tag 300,and first and second manipulation regions 9102, 9103. The overall shapeof the spring member 9100 may be similar to that of the spring member9000, except that the second manipulation region 9103 may include atab-like protrusion that extends beyond the housing gap such that a usercan contact the second manipulation region 9103 without having to extenda tool or object into the housing gap (and without having to firstdeform the spring member 9100 by applying a force to the firstmanipulation region 9102). The tab-like protrusion of the secondmanipulation region 9103 may be integral with the remainder of thespring member 9100. For example, the spring member 9100 may be formedfrom a single (e.g., monolithic) metal structure. In otherimplementations, the tab-like protrusion may be a separate componentthat is attached to or otherwise integrated with the remainder of thespring member 9100.

In order to deform the spring member 9100 so that a tag 300 can beattached and/or detached, forces 9106 applied to the first and secondmanipulation regions 9102, 9103 cause the spring member 9100 to deformand define a gap 9108 (FIG. 91B) that allows the tag 300 to be attachedand/or detached. The tab-like protrusion of the second manipulationregion 9103 may be sufficiently stiff to transmit the force 9106 to theremainder of the spring member 9100 without breaking or otherwisebending in a manner that would prevent or negatively affect the transferof force to the remainder of the spring member 9100.

The spring members shown and described with respect to FIGS. 85A-91B maybe formed in any suitable manner. For example, they may be formed byshaping (e.g., bending) metal wires or rods into the configurationsshown. In such cases, the free ends of the metal used to form a springmember may be affixed to one another (e.g., by welding, brazing,adhesives, mechanical fasteners, etc.), or they may remain un-affixed(e.g., a seam or gap may remain between the free ends). As otherexamples, the spring members may be cast or molded. Where the springmembers are formed from polymer materials and/or composites, they may bemolded (e.g., injection molded), formed via additive manufacturingprocesses (e.g., 3D printing), or via any other suitable technique.Other methods of forming the spring members and other materials and/orcombinations of materials are also contemplated.

As noted above, the spring members shown and described with respect toFIGS. 85A-91B may be used as stand-alone components to help couplewirelessly locatable tags to other objects, or they may be integratedwith other components of tag retainers. In the former cases, users may,for example, put clips, split rings (e.g., key rings), ropes, zip ties,or other components through or around the loops or other accessibleareas of the spring members. In the latter cases, the spring members maybe provided inside the bodies of other tag retainers, or may includecarrying straps attached thereto. FIGS. 92A-93 depict two example tagretainers that may use spring members such as those shown and describedwith respect to FIGS. 85A-91B.

FIG. 92A illustrates a portion of a tag retainer 9200 (which may besimilar to the tag retainer 7400 in FIG. 74A). The tag retainer 9200includes the spring member 8500 (FIG. 85A) at least partially embeddedin a body 9202. The body 9202 may be a polymer (e.g., TPU, silicone), acloth or fabric, leather, or any other suitable material or combinationof materials. The spring member 8500 may provide the biasing force thatretains the portion of the body 9202 that defines the opening 9204 in ahousing gap when the tag retainer 9200 is attached to a tag. The body9202 may define or be coupled to a strap 9206, which, as describedabove, may be any suitable type of strap or member that can be used toattach the tag retainer 9200 to another object.

FIG. 92B is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer 9200 ofFIG. 92A, viewed along line 92B-92B in FIG. 92A. FIG. 92B illustrateshow the spring member 8500 may be embedded in the material of the body9202. In this case, the body 9202 may be a polymer material that ismolded around the spring member 8500 (which may be inserted into a moldprior to the polymer material being injected).

FIG. 93 illustrates a portion of a tag retainer 9300 that includes thespring member 9000 (FIG. 90A) and a strap member 9302 attached to themanipulation region 9002 of the spring member 9000. The strap member9302 may be attached to the spring member 9000 in any suitable way. Asone example, it may be attached via insert molding in which the strapmember 9302 encapsulates a portion of the spring member 9000.Alternatively, it may be attached using stitches (e.g., sewn), snaps,buttons, staples, glue, hook-and-loop fasteners, or the like.

FIGS. 94A-94B illustrate another example tag retainer 9400 for attachingto a tag. The tag retainer 9400 may include a body 9402, which may beformed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material(including combinations of materials), and a spring member 9404, whichmay be formed from a material with a greater stiffness than the body(e.g., spring steel, a polymer, etc.). The spring member 9404 may beconfigured to bias the body 9402 into the housing gap of a tag, asdescribed with respect to other spring members. The spring member 9404and the body 9402 may cooperate to define a pull tab 9406 that is usedto help expand the opening of the tag retainer 9400 to facilitateattachment and detachment of the tag 300, as described with respect toFIG. 94B. The spring member 9404 may define engagement ends 9405 thatare separated by a gap 9408.

The body 9402 and the spring member 9404 may be configured to helpprevent accidental detachment of the tag 300 from the tag retainer 9400.For example, when a force 9410 is applied to the tag 300 while the tag300 is attached to the tag retainer 9400, the force may be transferredthrough the tag retainer to the object to which it is connected (asrepresented by arrow 9412). The force 9410 may correspond to the tag 300snagging or catching on another object, such as may occur during normaleveryday use of the tag retainer 9400. Because the force 9410 is beingapplied to the tag retainer 9400 through the tag 300 (at interface9411), the opening in the body 9402 resists expansion and thus helpsretain the tag 300 in place despite the force.

On the other hand, the tag 300 may be attached to and detached from thetag retainer 9400 by applying a force to the pull tab 9406. FIG. 94Billustrates the tag retainer 9400 when a force 9414 is applied to thepull tab 9406 (and an opposite side of the tag retainer 9400). Becausethe force is applied to the pull tab 9406, the tag 300 engages theengagement ends 9405 of the spring member 9404 resulting in the gap 9408expanding and a gap 9416 being produced proximate the pull tab 9406.This gap 9416 facilitates removal of the tag 300 from the tag retainer9400. Because applying a force to the pull tab 9406 requires a moredeliberate and purposeful action by a user (as compared, for example, toa tag 300 becoming snagged on a passing object), the tag retainer 9400helps keep the tag 300 attached during normal use, while providing aneasy and straightforward way to attach and detach the tag 300 whendesired.

FIGS. 95A-95B illustrate another example tag retainer 9500 for attachingto a tag. The tag retainer 9500 may include a body 9502, which may beformed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material(including combinations of materials), and spring members 9504, 9506,which may be formed from a material with a greater stiffness than thebody (e.g., spring steel, a polymer, etc.). The spring members 9504,9506 may be configured to bias the body 9502 into the housing gap of atag, as described with respect to other spring members. The springmembers 9504, 9506 may have semi-circular shapes and may be positionedon opposite sides of the opening in the body 9502. The spring members9504, 9506 may also increase the stiffness of portions of the tagretainer 9500 that extend into the housing gap, thereby decreasing thelikelihood that the tag 300 will simply deform or fold the body 9502 outof the way and allow the tag 300 to unexpectedly detach from the tagretainer 9500.

The body 9502 may define a pull tab 9508. The pull tab 9508 may lack anyspring members. As shown in FIG. 95B, a user may grasp the pull tab 9508to apply a force 9510 to the pull tab 9508, thereby deforming the body9502 (and optionally one or both of the spring members 9504, 9506) andintroducing or increasing the size of a gap 9512 between the tag 300 andthe body 9502, thereby facilitating attachment or detachment of the tag300.

FIGS. 96A-96B illustrate another example tag retainer 9600 for attachingto a tag. The tag retainer 9600 may include a body 9602, which may beformed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material(including combinations of materials), and a spring member 9604 whichmay be formed from a material with a greater stiffness than the body(e.g., spring steel, a polymer, etc.). The spring member 9604 may beconfigured to bias the body 9602 into the housing gap of a tag, asdescribed with respect to other spring members.

The spring member 9604 may define two spring arms 9606 that can beselectively secured together (or released) using a clip mechanism 9608.FIG. 96A shows the tag retainer 9600 with the clip mechanism 9608 in aclosed configuration in which the spring arms 9606 are secured together.This may retain the tag retainer 9600 in a tightened or secure state inwhich the tag 300 is securely attached to the tag retainer 9600. FIG.96B shows the tag retainer 9600 with the clip mechanism 9608 in an openconfiguration. When the clip mechanism 9608 is open, the spring member9604 returns to a relaxed state in which the spring arms 9606 pull awayfrom one another, thereby generally expanding the spring member 9604 andexpanding the opening in which the tag 300 is received. This expansionfacilitates the attachment and/or detachment of the tag retainer 9600and the tag 300. The clip mechanism 9608 may be opened, for example, byrotating or twisting the clip mechanism 9608 (or a portion or componentof the clip mechanism 9608), as illustrated by arrow 9605. Other typesand/or configurations of clip mechanisms may be opened and/or closedusing other types of manipulations.

FIG. 97 illustrates another example tag retainer 9700 for attaching to atag. The tag retainer 9700 may include a body 9702, which may be formedfrom or include a polymer material or other compliant material(including combinations of materials), and a spring member 9704 whichmay be formed from a material with a greater stiffness than the body(e.g., spring steel, a polymer, etc.). The spring member 9704 may beconfigured to bias the body 9702 into the housing gap of a tag, asdescribed with respect to other spring members. The spring member 9704may have an octagonal shape with eight substantially linear sides, whicheach extend into the housing gap of the tag 300 to help retain the tag300 to the tag retainer 9700. In some cases, the spring member 9704 maydefine uncoupled ends to allow the spring member 9704 to expand in orderto facilitate attachment and detachment of the tag 300. In some cases,the ends of the spring member 9704 are connected (e.g., welded), and thespring member 9704 deforms (e.g., one or more of the straight sidesdeflects) during attachment and/or detachment of the tag 300.

FIGS. 98A-98B illustrate another example tag retainer 9800 for attachingto a tag. The tag retainer 9800 may include a body 9802, which may beformed from or include a polymer material or other compliant material(including combinations of materials), and a spring member 9804 whichmay be formed from a material with a greater stiffness than the body9802 (e.g., spring steel, a polymer, etc.). The spring member 9804 maybe configured to bias the body 9802 into the housing gap of a tag, asdescribed with respect to other spring members. The tag retainer 9800may also include a stiffener 9810 along a portion of the opening for thetag, which may help maintain the shape of the tag retainer 9800 duringmanipulations of the spring member 9804 (for attaching/detaching the tag300) and may provide additional stiffness to the portion of the body9802 that extends into the housing gap.

The spring member 9804 may define engagement regions 9805 and anactuation region 9806. The engagement regions 9805 may be biased towardsthe tag 300 and engage the tag 300 in the housing gap. The actuationregion 9806 may be defined by a curved portion of the spring member9804, and may include or be coupled to a manipulation tab 9808 (whichmay be integral with the spring member 9804 or may be a separatecomponent that is attached to the spring member 9804). The manipulationtab 9808 may be exposed or otherwise accessible to a user, and may beused to apply a force to the actuation region 9806 to expand the springmember 9804 to facilitate attachment and detachment of the tag 300. Forexample, the undeformed or unstressed configuration of the spring member9804 may be shown in FIG. 98A. In this configuration, the spring member9804 is biased into engagement with the tag 300 (e.g., in the housinggap) and retains the tag 300 to the tag retainer 9800. In order toconveniently attach or detach the tag 300, a user may grasp themanipulation tab 9808 and apply a force away from the tag 300 (whileoptionally grasping the tag 300). The force, represented by arrow 9812in FIG. 98B, deforms the spring member 9804, including by pulling theengagement regions 9805 (and the nearby portions of the body 9802) awayfrom the tag 300 and producing a gap 9814 that facilitates attachmentand detachment of the tag 300.

FIGS. 99A-99C illustrate an example tag cover 9900 for attaching to atag. The tag cover 9900 may be configured to protect the tag fromimpacts, scratches, or other damage. The tag cover 9900 may also changethe size and/or friction characteristics of the tag 300. For example,the tag cover 9900 may have a higher coefficient of friction than thetag itself, and may make the tag 300 easier to handle, less likely toslip out of the user's hand, or the like.

The tag cover 9900 may include an engagement flange 9904 that defines afirst opening, and a sidewall 9906 that defines a second opening. Theengagement flange 9904 may be configured to extend into a housing gap ofthe tag 300, as shown in FIGS. 99B and 99C (which are partialcross-sectional views of the tag and tag cover of FIG. 99A, viewed alongline 99B-99B in FIG. 99A). The sidewall 9906 may have two stableconfigurations when the tag cover 9900 is attached to the tag 300 (e.g.,it may be bistable). FIG. 99B shows the tag cover 9900 in a firstconfiguration, where the sidewall 9906 is extended upward, away from thetag 300. This configuration may facilitate attachment and detachment ofthe tag cover 9900, as the sidewall may be moved out of the way of theengagement flange 9904 so that the engagement flange 9904 can beinserted into or removed from the housing gap of the tag 300. FIG. 99Cshows the tag cover 9900 in a second configuration, where the sidewall9906 is positioned against the tag 300. This configuration maycorrespond to the normal use configuration of the tag cover 9900, as thesidewall 9906 is at least partially covering, and optionally in directcontact with, the outer peripheral side of the tag 300.

FIGS. 100A-100D illustrate another example tag retainer 10010 (FIG.100B) for attaching to a tag 10000 (FIG. 100A). The tag 10000 and tagretainer 10010 may include complementary mating features that allow thetag retainer 10010 to securely attach to the tag 10000. In particular,with reference to FIG. 100A, the tag 10000 may include a battery door10001 (similar to the bottom housing member 304, or battery door, of thetag 300 in FIG. 3 ) that defines engagement features 10002. Theengagement features 10002 may each define undercut slots 10004, whichmay be open on one end and blocked at the opposite end.

With reference to FIG. 100B, the tag retainer 10010 may include a body,which may be formed from or include a polymer material or othercompliant material (including combinations of materials). Thecorresponding engagement features 10012 may be formed from a materialwith a greater stiffness than the body (e.g., spring steel, a polymer,etc.). The tag retainer 10010 defines an opening 10011 that isconfigured to receive at least part of the tag 10000 therein, andcorresponding engagement features 10012 that are complementary to theengagement features 10002 of the tag 10000. The corresponding engagementfeatures 10012 may be tabs, clips, flanges, protrusions, or othersuitable features. In the illustrated example, the engagement features10002 of the tag 10000 define slots, and the corresponding engagementfeatures 10012 define tabs with a shape and size to be received in theslots, though this is merely one example set of complementary engagementfeatures, and others are also contemplated.

FIG. 100C illustrates the tag retainer 10010 being attached to the tag10000. The tag retainer 10010 is positioned so that the correspondingengagement features 10012 are positioned between the engagement features10002 of the tag 10000, thereby aligning the corresponding engagementfeatures 10012 with the slots defined by the engagement features 10002.The tag retainer 10010 is rotated, as illustrated by arrow 10014, toslide the corresponding engagement features 10012 into the engagementfeatures 10002. Once the engagement features 10002, 10012 are engaged,the tag retainer 10010 is attached to the tag 10000, as shown in FIG.100D.

The engagement features 10002, 10012 may include clips, latches,detents, undercuts, and/or other features that help maintain thefeatures 10002, 10012 in secure engagement. Such features may, forexample, require a greater force to initially disengage the engagementfeatures 10002, 10012, followed by a lower force requirement to fullyslide the engagement features 10002, 10012 completely apart.

FIGS. 101A-101C illustrate another example tag retainer 10100 forattaching to a tag. The tag retainer 10100 may include a body 10102,which may define an opening 10104. The body 10102 may be formed from orinclude a polymer material or other compliant material (includingcombinations of materials), and may include other components ormaterials such as spring members, stiffeners, etc. The opening 10104 maybe an opening to a partially enclosed pocket that receives a portion ofa tag.

FIG. 101B is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer 10100 ofFIG. 101A, viewed along line 101B-101B in FIG. 101A. The opening 10104may be defined by a wall (e.g., a circular wall) 10106 that isconfigured to engage a tag via a housing gap.

FIG. 101C is another partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer10100 of FIG. 101A, viewed along line 101B-101B in FIG. 101A, showingthe tag retainer 10100 attached to the tag 300. As shown, the partiallyenclosed pocket has a size (e.g., a diameter, volume, etc.) that issubstantially equal to the outer part of the battery door of the tag300, and the battery door is substantially contained and/or enclosed inthe pocket. The wall 10106 extends into the housing gap of the tag 300to retain the tag 300 to the tag retainer 10100. The stiffness of thematerial of the wall 10106 (including any stiffeners within or attachedto the body 10102) may bias the wall 10106 into the housing gap toprovide a secure attachment.

By attaching to the battery door, the main body portion 302 of the tag300 is exposed and uncovered. As the main body portion 302, and moreparticularly the top housing member of the tag, may define adiaphragm-like member to produce audio outputs, attaching the tagretainer 10100 to the tag 300 in a manner that exposes the top housingmember may help avoid degrading or muting the audio output.

While FIGS. 101A-101C illustrate a tag retainer that attaches to abattery door of a tag, FIG. 101D illustrates an example tag retainerthat attaches to the tag 300 in place of the battery door 304. FIG. 101Dillustrates the tag 300 with the bottom housing member or battery door304 removed from the main body portion 302. A tag retainer 10110 mayinclude or define a strap 10112 or attachment portion that is used toattach the tag retainer 10110 to another object.

The tag retainer 10110 may also include a flange 10114 and latchingmembers 10116. The flange 10114 may resemble a similar structure of thebattery door 304, and the latching members 10116 may have substantiallythe same size, shape, and overall configuration of the latching membersof the battery door 304. The latching members 10116 may be configured toengage the tag 300 in the same or similar manner to the latching membersof the battery door 304. In this manner, the main body portion 302 maybe interchangeably attached to the battery door 304 or the tag retainer10110 using the same engagement features of the main body portion 302.

FIGS. 102A-102C illustrate another example tag retainer 10200 forattaching to a tag. The tag retainer 10200 may include a body 10202,which may define an opening 10204. The body 10202 may be formed from orinclude a polymer material or other compliant material (includingcombinations of materials), and may include other components ormaterials such as spring members, stiffeners, etc. The opening 10204 maybe an opening to a partially enclosed pocket that receives a portion ofa tag.

FIG. 102B is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer 10200 ofFIG. 102A, viewed along line 102B-102B in FIG. 102A. The opening 10204may be defined by a wall (e.g., a circular wall) 10206 that isconfigured to engage a tag via a housing gap.

FIG. 102C is another partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer10200 of FIG. 102A, viewed along line 102B-102B in FIG. 102A, showingthe tag retainer 10200 attached to the tag 300. Whereas the tag retainer10100 is configured to attach to the tag 300 via the battery door, thetag retainer 10200 is configured to attach to the tag 300 by wrappingaround the main body portion 302 of the tag 300. Thus, the partiallyenclosed pocket has a size (e.g., a diameter, volume, etc.) that issubstantially equal to the outer part of the main body portion 302 ofthe tag 300, and the outer part of the main body portion 302 issubstantially contained and/or enclosed in the pocket. The wall 10206may extend into the housing gap of the tag 300 to retain the tag 300 tothe tag retainer 10200. The stiffness of the material of the wall 10206(including any stiffeners within or attached to the body 10202) may biasthe wall 10206 into the housing gap to provide a secure attachment. Inother cases, the wall 10206 does not extend into the housing gap, butinstead securely attaches to the tag 300 due to the wall 10206 extendingover a portion of the tag 300 and trapping the tag 300 in the pocket ofthe tag retainer 10200.

FIGS. 103A-103B illustrate another example tag 10300 with aconfiguration for facilitating attachment to and detachment from a tagretainer. In particular, the tag 10300 includes a main body portion10302 (similar to the main body portion 302 of the tag 300) and abattery door 10304 (similar to the bottom housing member 304, or batterydoor, of the tag 300). The battery door 10304 is configured to slide,translate, or otherwise move relative to the main body portion 10302.For example, FIG. 103A illustrates the tag 10300 with the battery door10304 in an undeflected position relative to the main body portion10302. In this position, the battery door 10304 may be substantiallycentered over a shaft 10306 of the main body portion 10302. Accordingly,the battery door 10304 may overhang the shaft 10306 to define thehousing gap of the tag 10300. FIG. 103B illustrates the tag 10300 withthe battery door 10304 in a deflected position. In this position, atleast one side of the battery door 10304 may be substantially flush witha side of the shaft 10306. The battery door 10304 may slide, translate,or otherwise move only a fixed distance relative to the main bodyportion 10302, and may use any suitable mechanism to facilitate themotion (e.g., friction guides, bearings, bushings, etc.). Further, whilethe battery door 10304 and the shaft 10306 are shown as having circularshapes, other shapes are also contemplated, including oblong shapes,ovals, rectangles, ellipses, or the like.

FIGS. 104A-104D illustrate steps of an example process for attaching thetag 10300 to a tag retainer 10400 (which may resemble the tag retainer7600, FIG. 76A, or other tag retainers described herein). The tagretainer 10400 may be less compliant than other tag retainers, as themovement of the battery door 10304 can facilitate attachment anddetachment while reducing the need for the tag retainer 10400 to deflector deform.

As shown in FIG. 104A, the tag retainer 10400 may be engaged with thetag 10300 at a first location 10404 while the battery door 10304 is inan undeflected position. After engaging at the location 10404, the usermay slide the battery door 10304 into a deflected position (arrow10401), which reduces the overhang of the battery door 10304 relative tothe shaft 10306 at a second location 10406. This allows the tag retainer10400 to more easily slide over the battery door 10304 and into thehousing gap, as indicated by arrow 10402. FIG. 104B shows the tagretainer 10400 in place in the housing gap. Sliding the battery door10304 back towards the undeflected position (arrow 10408, FIG. 104C)captures the tag retainer 10400 in the housing gap and retains the tagretainer 10400 to the tag 10300 (as shown in FIG. 104D).

FIGS. 105A-105D illustrate another example tag 10500 with aconfiguration for facilitating attachment to and detachment from a tagretainer. In particular, the tag 10500 includes a main body portion10502 (similar to the main body portion 302 of the tag 300), and abattery door 10504 that includes a bistable retraction mechanism thatcan be actuated to form (or remove) a housing gap. FIG. 105A shows thebattery door 10504 in an extended configuration. In this configuration,the battery door 10504 does not define an undercut or lip, and thus doesnot define a housing gap. Rather, the extended battery door 10504 hassubstantially straight sides such that a tag retainer can be slid overthe extended battery door 10504 without requiring the tag retainer todeform or deflect. FIG. 105B shows the battery door 10504 in a retractedconfiguration. In this configuration, the battery door 10504 iscompressed to define a housing gap 10505 that can trap a tag retainertherein.

The battery door 10504 may include a bistable retraction mechanism and acompliant cover. The bistable retraction mechanism may operate similarto a retractable pen. For example, pressing the battery door 10504 whenthe bistable retraction mechanism is retracted (FIG. 105B) will resultin the bistable retraction mechanism extending (FIG. 105A), and viceversa. The compliant cover may enclose internal components of thebistable retraction mechanism, such as cams, arms, plates, springs, andthe like. The compliant cover may be a fabric, polymer (e.g., silicone,TPU, etc.), leather, mechanically linked rigid plates, or the like.

FIGS. 105C-105D illustrate how the tag 10500 may be attached to a tagretainer 10506. As shown in FIG. 105A, the battery door 10504 may beextended so that the opening of the tag retainer 10506 may be passedover the extended battery door 10504 to rest against a surface of thetag 10500 (e.g., the main body portion 10502). Once the tag retainer10506 is in place, a force may be applied to the battery door 10504, asillustrated by arrow 10508, to force the battery door 10504 into aretracted position. FIG. 105D shows the battery door 10504 in theretracted configuration, with the tag retainer 10506 captured in thehousing gap 10505 (e.g., between the battery door 10504 and the mainbody portion 10502). Detaching the tag retainer 10506 from the tag 10500may be accomplished by reversing these operations.

FIGS. 106A-106B illustrate another technique for attaching the tag 300to a tag retainer 10600. The tag retainer 10600 defines an opening 10602that is configured to receive a portion of the tag 300. Moreparticularly, the battery door 304 of the tag 300 is separated from themain body portion 302, and the tag retainer 10600 is positioned betweenthe battery door 304 and the main body portion 302 such that a portionof the tag 300 is in the opening 10602 and such that a portion of thetag retainer 10600 is captured between the battery door 304 and the mainbody portion 302 (e.g., in the housing gap of the tag 300). FIG. 106Ashows an exploded view of the tag 300 in position to be attached to theretainer 10600, and FIG. 106B shows the tag 300 attached to the tagretainer 10600, with the battery door 304 attached to the main bodyportion 302 and the tag retainer 10600 captured in the housing gap. Thetag retainer 10600 may be any suitable tag retainer, such as thosedescribed herein. Because the tag retainer 10600 (and in particular theopening 10602) does not need to expand or deform to facilitateattachment to the tag, the tag retainer 10600 may be more rigid or stiffthan other tag retainers described herein. This stiffness may beaccomplished by forming the tag retainer 10600 from stiffer materials(e.g., polycarbonate, metals, ABS, etc.), or incorporating stiffmaterials in the tag retainer 10600. For example, a closed-ring springmember, such as that shown in FIGS. 76A-76C, may be incorporated intothe tag retainer 10600 around the opening 10602 and encapsulated by acompliant material that forms the rest of the tag retainer 10600. Incomparison to the tag retainer 7600, however, the opening 10602 (and thediameter of the closed-ring spring member) may be smaller than theopening 7601 due to the fact that the opening 10602 does not need to fitover the battery door to attach the tag to the tag retainer. Forexample, the opening 10602 may have a diameter that is substantially thesame size as the smallest-diameter surface of the housing gap, with onlya small amount of clearance to allow for opening 10602 to accept theportion of the tag therein.

FIGS. 107A-107B illustrate another example tag 10700 with aconfiguration for facilitating attachment to and detachment from a tagretainer. In particular, the tag 10700 includes a main body portion10702 (similar to the main body portion 302 of the tag 300), and abattery door that includes a bistable flange 10704 that can bemanipulated to form (or remove) a housing gap. FIG. 107A shows thebistable flange 10704 in an extended configuration. In thisconfiguration, the bistable flange 10704 does not define an undercut orlip, and thus does not define a housing gap. Rather, the extendedbistable flange 10704 has substantially straight sides such that a tagretainer can be slid over the extended bistable flange 10704 withoutrequiring the tag retainer to deform or deflect. FIG. 107B shows thebistable flange 10704 in a retracted configuration. In thisconfiguration, the bistable flange 10704 has been forced into aretracted configuration to define a housing gap 10705 that can trap atag retainer therein.

FIGS. 108A-108B illustrate how the tag 10700 may be attached to a tagretainer 10800. As shown in FIG. 108A, the bistable flange 10704 may beextended so that the opening of the tag retainer 10800 may be passedover the extended bistable flange 10704 to rest against a surface of thetag 10700 (e.g., the main body portion 10702). Once the tag retainer10800 is in place, a force may be applied to the bistable flange 10704,as illustrated by arrows 10802, to force the bistable flange 10704 intoa retracted position. FIG. 108B shows the bistable flange 10704 in theretracted configuration, with the tag retainer 10800 captured in thehousing gap 10705 (e.g., between the bistable flange 10704 and the mainbody portion 10702). Detaching the tag retainer 10800 from the tag 10700may be accomplished by reversing these operations.

The bistable flange 10704 may be formed from or include any suitablematerial. For example, the bistable flange 10704 may be formed from apolymer material such as a silicone, TPU, or the like. The bistableflange 10704 may be a single piece of material, or it may includemultiple components. For example, the bistable flange 10704 may includean internal bistable member (e.g., a metal having a shape and/ormaterial that produces a bistable configuration) with a compliant outersheathing material (e.g., silicone, TPU, etc.). Other configurations arealso contemplated.

FIGS. 109A-109D illustrate another example tag 10900 (FIG. 109A), andcorresponding tag retainer 10910 (FIG. 109B) for attaching to the tag10900. With reference to FIG. 109A, the tag 10900 includes a main bodyportion 10902 (similar to the main body portion 302 of the tag 300), anda battery door 10904. The tag 10900 may define channels 10906, which maybe formed in the battery door 10904, that are configured to receivelatch members 10916 of the tag retainer 10910 (FIG. 109B). The channels10906 may include or define ramp segments 10920, which may be used toguide the latch members 10916 of a tag retainer out of the channels10906 when decoupling the tag retainer 10910 from the tag 10900.

The tag 10900 may also include optional magnetic components 10908 (e.g.,magnets) that are configured to magnetically attract to the latchmembers 10916 to help draw the latch members 10916 into the channels10906 and retain them in the channels 10906. The tag 10900 may alsoinclude optional repelling magnetic components 10922 (e.g., magnetshaving an opposite polarity to the magnets 10908) that are configured torepel the latch members 10916 out of the channels 10906 when the tagretainer 10910 is rotated (such that the latch members 10916 slide alongthe ramp segments 10920). The combination of the ramp segments 10920 andthe repelling magnetic components 10922 may provide an impetus thatcauses the latch members 10916 to retract back into a retracted positionin the tag retainer 10910.

The tag retainer 10910, shown in FIG. 109B, includes a body 10912(similar to the bodies of other tag retainers described herein) thatdefines an opening 10914 configured to receive at least a portion of thetag 10900 (e.g., the battery door 10904). The tag retainer 10910 mayinclude latch members 10916 that can be retracted into and/or extendedout from the tag retainer 10910 to engage the channels 10906 of the tag10900, as illustrated by arrows 10918. The latch members 10916 maydefine ramped or contoured portions 10926 that facilitate a smoothengagement between the latch members 10916 and the ramp segments 10920of the channels 10906 when the tag retainer 10910 is rotated (whichcauses the latch members 10916 to slide along the ramp segments 10920).

The latch members 10916 may be spring-loaded so that they are biased inan outward or protruding position, or they may be unbiased. In othercases, they are biased in a retracted position, and are drawn into thechannels 10906 due to a magnetic attraction between the latch members10916 and the magnetic components 10908 in the tag retainer 10910.

The latch members 10916 may be formed or include magnetic materials(e.g., a ferromagnetic material, if the magnetic components 10908 arepermanent magnets) to facilitate the latch members 10916 being pulledinto and retained in the channels 10906. The tag retainer 10910 may alsoinclude magnetic components 10924 (e.g., magnets) that are configured tobias the latch members 10916 into the body of the tag retainer 10910 orretain the latch members 10916 in the withdrawn or retracted position.The strength of the magnetic attraction between the latch members 10916and the magnet components 10924 may be less than that of the attractionbetween the latch members 10916 and the magnetic components 10908 in thetag. In this way, the latch members 10916 may be securely retained inthe channels 10906 by the magnetic components 10908 until the latchmembers 10916 are forced out of the channels 10906 (e.g., by the rampsegments 10920 and/or repelling magnetic components 10922), at whichtime the weaker magnetic attraction from the magnetic components 10924may overcome the reduced magnetic attraction from the magneticcomponents 10908, thereby drawing the latch members 10916 back into thetag retainer 10910 and retaining them in the retracted position. Toattach the tag 10900 to the tag retainer 10910, the tag retainer 19010may be positioned so that the latch members 10916 are aligned with thechannels 10906. In this alignment, the magnetic attraction between thelatch members 10916 and the magnetic components 10908 may overcome theattraction between the latch members 10916 and the magnetic components10924, thereby drawing the latch members 10916 into the channels toretain the tag 10900 to the tag retainer 10910.

FIG. 109C shows the tag 10900 attached to the tag retainer 10910. Asshown, the latch members 10916 have extended into the channels 10906,thereby attaching the tag 10900 to the tag retainer 10910. Due to theoptional spring biasing and/or the optional magnetic attraction, thelatch members 10916 may be drawn into the channels 10906 as soon as thebattery door 10904 is inserted into the opening 10914 of the tagretainer 10910 and the latch members 10916 are aligned with the channels10906.

FIG. 109D shows how the latch members 10916 may be retracted into thetag retainer 10910 to detach the tag 10900 from the tag retainer 10910.For example, the tag retainer 10910 may be rotated relative to the tag10900 (as indicated by arrow 10928 in FIG. 109C), which causes the latchmembers 10916 to slide along and be ejected by the ramp segments 10920(and optionally repelled by the repelling magnetic components 10922 andfurther retracted by the magnetic components 10924).

FIG. 110A illustrates another example tag 11000. The tag 11000 includesa main body portion 11002 (similar to the main body portion 302 of thetag 300), and a battery door 11004. The tag 11000 includes one or moreaccessory retention mechanisms 11006 integrated with the battery door11004. The accessory retention mechanisms 11006 may be configured tohelp retain the tag 11000 to an accessory such as a tag retainer.

FIG. 110B is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag 11000 of FIG.110A, viewed along line 110B-110B in FIG. 110A. FIG. 110B shows anexample configuration of the accessory retention mechanisms 11006. Inparticular, the accessory retention mechanisms 11006 may include aplunger 11008 that is accessible to the user from the outer or exteriorsurface of the tag 11000, and one or more spring members 11012 biasingthe plunger 11008 upwards. The accessory retention mechanisms 11006 maybe situated within (and captive in) an opening 11010 in the battery door11004, and the opening may be configured to receive therein a retentionmember of an accessory to help hold the accessory in place and attachedto the tag 11000.

FIGS. 111A-111B illustrate partial cross-sectional views of the tag11000 in use with an accessory 11100, which may be a tag retainersimilar to others described herein. The accessory 11100 may include aretention member 11102 that is biased, by a spring member 11104, in aproud or protruding configuration (relative to adjacent portions of theaccessory 11100). FIG. 111B shows the accessory 11100 attached to thetag 11000. In this configuration, the retention member 11102 is extendedinto the opening 11010 such that the retention member 11102 engages theopening 11010 and retains the accessory 11100 to the tag 11000.

In order to detach the accessory 11100 from the tag 11000, a user mayapply a force to the plunger 11008 of the accessory retention mechanism11006 (indicated by arrow 11106, FIG. 111B), thereby forcing the plunger11008 against the retention member 11102 in a manner that overcomes thebiasing force of the retention member 11102 and pushes the retentionmember 11102 out of the opening 11110. In this configuration, as shownin FIG. 111B, the accessory 11100 may be easily slid out of the housinggap 11015 to detach the accessory 11100 from the tag 11000.

The accessory 11100 may have an enclosed (e.g., circular) opening,similar to the tag retainer 7600, for example. Because the accessoryretention mechanisms 11006 can retain an accessory to the tag withoutthe accessory fully encircling the housing gap, the accessory 11100 doesnot necessarily require a continuous opening. For example, the accessory11100 may be a straight strap-like accessory with a free end that isnarrower than the width (e.g., diameter) of the tag 11000 and thatextends into the housing gap 11015 only at a location proximate theaccessory retention mechanism 11006. In some cases, an additionalmechanism or retention feature is positioned on the tag 11000 on theopposite side of the accessory 11100 to retain the accessory 11100 fromthe underside as well.

FIG. 112A illustrates another example tag 11200. The tag 11200 includesa main body portion 11202 (similar to the main body portion 302 of thetag 300), and a battery door 11204. The tag 11200 includes an accessorybiasing mechanism 11206 integrated with the tag 11200. The accessorybiasing mechanisms 11206 may be configured to help retain the tag 11200to an accessory such as a tag retainer, and may help prevent the tag11200 from moving (e.g., spinning, rattling) when attached to anaccessory such as a tag retainer. The accessory biasing mechanism 11206may be positioned in a housing gap 11210 (FIG. 112B), and may beconfigured to push against an accessory that is engaged with the housinggap 11210. The tag 11200 may include a spring member 11208 that biasesthe accessory biasing mechanism 11206 in a protruding configuration, asshown in FIG. 112B (which is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag11200 of FIG. 112A, viewed along line 112B-112B in FIG. 112A).

FIGS. 67A-67B illustrate the interaction of an accessory 11300 (whichmay be a tag retainer similar to the tag retainer 7600, or other tagretainers described herein) with the tag 11200 and the accessory biasingmechanism 11206. In particular, as the accessory 11300 is being attachedto the tag 11200, the accessory may engage the tag 11200 by entering thehousing gap at one side 11302 of the tag. Force from the accessorypushing against the accessory biasing mechanism 11206 may result indeflection of the accessory biasing mechanism 11206 into a recess in thetag 11200 (and may result in the accessory biasing mechanism 11206 beingflush with adjacent portions of the tag 11200). The accessory 11300 maythen be engaged with a second side 11306 of the tag by extending theaccessory 11300 over the battery door 11204 and into the housing gap(indicated by arrow 11304). FIG. 113B shows the tag 11200 with theaccessory 11300 attached and retained in the housing gap 11210. Theaccessory biasing mechanism 11206, forced outward by the spring member11208, applies a force to the accessory 11300. This force may provideseveral advantages. For example, it may increase the engagement forcebetween the accessory 11300 and the tag 11200 at the side opposite theaccessory biasing mechanism 11206 (e.g., at the second side 11306).Further, it may increase the frictional force between the tag 11200 andthe accessory 11300, thereby preventing or limiting rotation, rattling,or other motion of the tag 11200 relative to the accessory 11300.

FIG. 114A illustrates another example tag retainer 11400 that may beattached to a tag. The tag retainer 11400 may include a body 11402,which may be formed from or include a polymer material or othercompliant material (including combinations of materials). The tagretainer 11400 defines an opening 11404 for receiving a tag (e.g., thetag 300). The tag retainer 11400 may also include a latch member 11406that extends into the opening 11404 and is biased outward by a springmember 11408. The latch member 11406 may be configured to be forcedagainst a tag (e.g., the housing gap of a tag) to help retain the tag tothe tag retainer 11400.

FIG. 114B is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer 11400 ofFIG. 114A, viewed along line 114B-114B in FIG. 114A, showing the tagretainer 11400 attached to the tag 300. As shown, the latch member 11406is forced, by the spring member 11408, against a surface of the tag 300within the housing gap. The force from the latch member 11406 mayprovide several advantages, similar to the accessory biasing mechanismdescribed above. For example, the force from the latch member 11406 mayincrease the engagement force between the tag retainer 11400 and the tag300 at the side opposite the latch member 11406, and it may increase thefrictional force between the tag 300 and the tag retainer 11400, therebypreventing or limiting rotation, rattling, or other motion of the tag300 relative to the tag retainer 11400.

The latch member 11406 and the tag 300 may have complementary shapesthat allow the latch member 11406 to slide over the battery door of thetag 300 so that the tag 300 and the tag retainer 11400 can be attachedand detached by a user. For example, if the tag retainer 11400 is pulledupwards (relative to the orientation shown in FIG. 114B), an interactionbetween the latch member 11406 and the tag 300 may force the latchmember 11406 into its opening in the tag retainer 11400 to allow the tagretainer 11400 to be detached. The opposite operation may occur when thetag retainer 11400 is being attached to the tag 300.

FIG. 115A illustrates an example tag 11500 that uses a threaded featureto attach to a tag retainer. The tag 11500 includes a main body portion11502 (similar to the main body portion 302 of the tag 300), and abattery door that includes a threaded feature 11504. The threadedfeature 11504 may be formed of metal, a polymer, or any other suitablematerial. In some cases, the threaded feature 11504 and the battery doorare formed from the same unitary piece of material.

FIG. 115B illustrates an example tag retainer 11510 configured to attachto the tag 11500 by engaging the threaded feature 11504 of the tag11500. The tag retainer 11510 may define an opening 11512 with threadsthat are configured to engage the threaded feature 11504 of the tag11500. FIG. 115C is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag 11500attached to the tag retainer 11510. In particular, the tag 11500 may beattached to or detached from the tag retainer 11510 by screwing orunscrewing the tag 11500 from the tag retainer 11510.

As shown in FIG. 115C, the tag retainer 11510 may include an insert11514 that defines the threads. The insert 11514 may be formed of metal,a polymer, or any other suitable material or combination of materials.In some cases, the insert 11514 is stiffer than a material thatsurrounds the insert 11514 and/or defines the body of the tag retainer11510. In other cases, the entire tag retainer 11510 is formed of asingle piece of material and the threads are formed directly into thesingle piece of material.

FIG. 115D illustrates an example tag 11520 and tag retainer 11522 thatuses a similar threaded coupling configuration as the tag 11500 and tagretainer 11510. Whereas the tag retainer 11510 provided an enclosedrecess that covered the tag 11500 (e.g., the battery door of the tag11500), the tag retainer 11510 defines a through-hole that exposes thebattery door of the tag 11520 when the tag 11520 is threaded into thethreaded opening 11524 of the tag retainer 11522. In other respects, thetag 11520 and tag retainer 11522 may similar to the tag 11500 and tagretainer 11510, and for brevity those details may not be repeated here.

FIG. 116A illustrates an example tag 11600 that uses spring-loadedretention features to attach to an accessory such as a tag retainer. Thetag 11600 includes a main body portion 11602 (similar to the main bodyportion 302 of the tag 300), and a battery door 11604. The battery door11604, or any other suitable portion of the tag 11600, includesspring-loaded retention features 11606. As shown, the spring-loadedretention features 11606 are arranged about the periphery of ashaft-like portion of the battery door 11604.

FIG. 116B is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag 11600 of FIG.116A when attached to an accessory 11610, such as a tag retainer. Theaccessory 11610 may define one or more recesses 11612 that areconfigured to receive the spring-loaded retention features 11606. Therecesses 11612 may be defined by a single continuous channel extendingaround the circumference of the opening of the accessory 11610. In otherexamples, there may be discrete recesses 11612, each configured toreceive one of the spring-loaded retention features 11606. The recesses11612 may be defined by an insert or other member that is attached to orotherwise integrated with another portion of the accessory (as shown).In other example implementations, the accessory is formed of a singlepiece of material and the recesses are defined in the single piece ofmaterial.

The tag 11600 may be attached to the accessory 11610 by aligning the tag11600 with the opening in the accessory 11610 and pressing the tag 11600and accessory 11610 together until the spring-loaded retention features11606 slide or roll over the edge of the opening and into the recesses11612 in the accessory 11610. The tag 11600 may be detached by reversingthese operations, whereupon the spring-loaded retention features 11606slide or roll out of the recesses 11612 to detach the tag 11600.

FIGS. 116A-116B show an example in which spring-loaded retentionfeatures are positioned on the tag and the recesses are positioned onthe accessory. In other implementations, however, these positions may bereversed. For example, the spring-loaded retention features may beintegrated with the accessory and the tag may define the recesses thatengage the spring-loaded retention features to retain the tag andaccessory together. In yet other examples, the tag and the accessoryeach include both recesses and spring-loaded retention features.

FIG. 117A illustrates an example tag 11700 having a different formfactor than other tags described herein. In particular, the tag 11700defines a body 11702 (which may include and/or be defined by any numberof different housing components). The body 11702 defines two parallelchannels 11704 on opposite sides of the body 11702. As shown, thechannels 11704 extend along a diametrical dimension of the tag 11700,though other positions and/or orientations of the channels 11704 arealso possible. In some cases, the channels 11704 are straight (asshown), while in other cases they may be curved or have any othersuitable shape. The tag 11700 may be configured to attach to a tagretainer 11710 via the channels 11704, as shown in FIG. 117B.

FIG. 117C is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag 11700 and tagretainer 11710 of FIG. 117B, viewed along line 117C-117C in FIG. 117B.The tag retainer 11710 includes two arms 11712 that extend around atleast part of the tag 11700 so that engagement ends 11714 of the arms11712 extend into and engage the channels 11704. The arms 11712 may bebiased towards one another (e.g., with a spring member inside the tagretainer 11710) to force the engagement ends 11714 into the channels11704 and help retain the tag 11700 to the tag retainer 11710.

FIGS. 118A-118C illustrate an example tag retainer 11800. The tagretainer 11800 may include a body 11802, which may be formed from orinclude a polymer material or other compliant material (includingcombinations of materials), a cord retainer 11806, and a cord 11808. Thebody 11802 may define an opening 11804 for receiving at least a portionof a tag (e.g., the tag 300). The cord 11808 is configured to wraparound a portion of a tag to retain the tag to the tag retainer 11800.

FIG. 118B illustrates the tag retainer 11800 attached to the tag 300. Inparticular, the tag 300 is positioned in the opening 11804, and the cord11808 is wrapped around the tag 300 (e.g., in a housing gap of the tag300). The cord 11808 may also be wrapped around and secured to the cordretainer 11806. FIG. 118C is a partial cross-sectional view of the tagretainer 11800 of FIG. 118B with the tag 300 attached thereto, viewedalong line 118C-118C in FIG. 118B. FIG. 118C illustrates how the cord11808 wraps around the tag 300 (in the housing gap) and the cordretainer 11806 to retain the tag 300 to the tag retainer 11800. Inparticular, the size and/or location of the cord 11808 around the tag300 and relative to the opening 11804 prevents the tag 300 fromdetaching by passing back through the opening 11804 (e.g., in a downwarddirection as oriented in FIG. 118C).

The cord retainer 11806 may have a clip, fastener, or other mechanism towhich the free end of the cord 11808 may be secured after the cord 11808is wrapped around the tag 300. The cord 11808 may be secured to the cordretainer 11806 in other ways instead of or in addition to the clip,fastener, or other mechanism. For example, the cord retainer 11806 mayhave a flange that defines an undercut region, and the cord 11808 mayhave a size and length such that the cord 11808 is compressed in theundercut region when the cord 11808 is wrapped around the tag 300 (e.g.,similar to an envelope closure mechanism). As another example, the cord11808 may be securely tied and/or knotted to the cord retainer 11806.

FIGS. 119A-119B illustrate another example tag retainer 11900. The tagretainer 11900 includes a cord 11902 that is configured to wrap at leastpartially around a tag in a housing gap, and a retaining ring 11904 thatis configured to capture and retain the cord 11902 in the housing gap.The retaining ring 11904 may define an opening 11906 through which thecord 11902 may pass to assist in retaining the cord 11902 to theretaining ring 11904. The free ends of the cord 11902 may be used toattach the tag to other objects, such as by tying the free ends to theobject.

FIG. 119B is a partial cross-sectional view of the tag retainer 11900 ofFIG. 119A, shown attached to the tag 300. The cord 11902 may be wrappedat least partially around the tag 300 in the housing gap of the tag 300.The retaining ring 11904 may be installed in the housing gap such thatit forces the cord 11902 against the tag 300 and retains the cord 11902in the housing gap. The retaining ring 11904 and the cord 11902 may besized such that when they are both in the housing gap, they are pressedtogether and against the tag 300. The resulting friction between the tag300, the cord 11902, and the retaining ring 11904 hold the cord 11902and retaining ring 11904 in place.

While the position of the retaining ring 11904 in the housing gap helpsprevent the cord 11902 from slipping over the top of the battery door ofthe tag 300, the opening 11906 in the retaining ring 11904 helps preventthe cord 11902 from unwinding from around the tag 300. Without passingthe cord 11902 through the opening 11906, for example, a pulling ortugging motion on the cord 11902 could pull the cord 11902 out of thehousing gap despite the presence of the retaining ring 11904 in thehousing gap. With the cord 11902 situated in the opening 11906, pullingor tugging forces on the free ends of the cord 11902 will not tend topull the cord out of the housing gap. Structures or techniques otherthan the opening 11906 may also be used to prevent pulling forces fromdetaching the cord.

FIGS. 120A-120B illustrate another example tag retainer 12000. The tagretainer 12000 may include a body 12002, which may be formed from orinclude a polymer material or other compliant material (includingcombinations of materials). The body 12002 may define an opening 12003for receiving the tag 300, and a cord 12006 that passes through cordopenings 12004 in the body 12002. In order to attach the tag 300 to thetag retainer 12000, the cord 12006 may be untied so that the opening12003 can be expanded and the tag 300 can be inserted into the opening12003. To secure the tag 300, the cord 12006 may be tied together orotherwise secured, as shown in FIG. 120B, to reduce the size of theopening 12003 and hold the body 12002 in the housing gap of the tag 300.The tag 300 may be removed by untying or otherwise freeing the cord12006 to allow the opening 12003 to expand for easy removal of the tag300.

FIGS. 121A-121B illustrate another example tag retainer 12100, which issimilar to the tag retainer 12000 except that it uses a latchingmechanism to retain the free ends of the body together. In particularthe tag retainer 12100 includes a body 12102, which may be formed fromor include a polymer material or other compliant material (includingcombinations of materials). The body 12102, and in particular arms 12104of the body 12102, define an opening 12103 for receiving the tag 300.The free ends of the arms 12104 define complementary latching features12106. As shown in FIG. 121B, which is an end view of the tag retainer12100, viewed along line 121B-121B in FIG. 121A, the latching features12106 may be engaged with one another to prevent the arms 12104 fromseparating, thereby holding the arms 12104 together and in place in ahousing gap of a tag. One or both of the arms 12104 may be biased in aposition that forces the latching features 12106 into secure engagement.For example, the right-hand arm 12104-1 (FIG. 121B) may be biasedupwards and to the right, as indicated by arrows 12108, 12110,respectively, relative to the left-hand arm 12104-2. This biasingconfiguration forces the latching mechanisms into secure engagement,thereby maintaining the arms 12104 in a closed and latched configurationto help retain the tag to the tag retainer 12100.

Many of the example tag retainers described herein are shown as havingbodies with substantially uniform thicknesses (e.g., flat, plate- orsheet-like configurations). This is merely one possible configurationfor the bodies, and in some cases the bodies may have different shapesand configurations, including shapes that have different thicknesses atdifferent parts of the bodies. FIG. 122 is a partial cross-sectionalview of an example tag retainer 12200 attached to the tag 300,illustrating an example of a tag retainer with a body having a varyingthickness. In particular, the tag retainer 12200 defines an area 12202of increased thickness proximate the opening that receives the tag 300(with the greater thickness relative to another area of the tagretainer, such as a handle, strap, or the like). The area of increasedthickness is configured to reduce the size of and/or access to the jointbetween the tag retainer 12200 and the tag 300, thereby reducing thelikelihood of the tag 300 becoming detached due to snagging or otheraccidental contact. In some cases, the size and/or shape of theincreased thickness region is configured so that the transition betweenthe exterior surface of the tag retainer 12200 and the exterior surfaceof the tag 300 is a continuous curve or line (without substantial gaps,discontinuities, seams, or other areas that may snag on clothes or otherobjects). As shown in FIG. 122 , for example, the increased thicknessregion defines smooth, continuous curved transitions at the top andbottom interfaces 12204, 12206 between the tag 300 and the tag retainer12200.

While FIG. 122 shows one example tag retainer with an area of increasedthickness (to reduce the possibility of accidental detachment of the tagretainer), the same and/or similar configuration may be applied to anyother tag retainer described herein. In some cases, the area ofincreased thickness also results in the tag retainer being stifferaround the opening that receives the tag, which may further increase thestrength and/or security of the attachment between the tag and the tagretainer.

The tag retainers shown in the figures are often depicted with a strapor elongated attachment portion (e.g., the attachment portion 7004, FIG.70A, the strap 7411, FIG. 74A). This is merely one example configurationfor the tag retainers, however. In some cases, a tag retainer may notinclude a strap or strap-like feature, and in some cases includesanother type of structure to facilitate attachment of the tag retainerto another object. For example, instead of a strap, a tag retainer mayhave a flat, circular flange to allow the tag retainer to be adhered,sewn, fused (e.g., via laser or ultrasonic welding), or otherwiseattached to another object. Further, straps may have configurationsother than those shown. For example, straps may have circular or othergenerally non-flat configurations, and may resemble strings, cords,cables, or the like. Thus, for each of the tag retainers shown herein,it will be understood that the mechanism for attaching the tag retainerto the tag (e.g., the particular configurations of springs, bodymaterials, stiffeners, clips, cords, and the like) may be incorporatedin any type of object to facilitate tag attachment. For example, theportion of the body 10202 (FIGS. 102A-102C) that defines the opening10204 (and receives a tag) may be incorporated directly into thematerial of a purse, backpack, suitcase, briefcase, or the like. In suchcases, a distinct strap or other attachment feature need not beprovided.

As noted above, various tag retainers described herein may be used toattach a wirelessly locatable tag to another object, such as bags,purses, keys, and so forth. In some cases, tag retainers may be providedwith clips that facilitate simple and convenient attachment to suchobjects. FIGS. 123A-123C illustrate one such example clip 12300. Forexample, the clip 12300 may be attached to the attachment portion 6904of the tag retainer 6900 (FIGS. 69A-69C) by looping the attachmentportion 6904 through the central opening of the clip 12300.

The clip 12300 may be formed of a unitary piece of material, such as asingle piece of metal. The clip 12300 may define an outer portion 12302and an inner portion 12304. The outer and inner portions 12302, 12304may be defined by forming a slit 12306 into the material of the clip12300. The slit 12306 may be formed in any suitable manner, such aselectrical discharge machining (EDM), plasma cutting, laser cutting,conventional machining or milling, or the like. The slit 12306 maydefine a small gap, such as equal to or less than about 200 microns, 100microns, 50 microns, or 10 microns. The clip 12300 may be formed of anysuitable material, such as metal (e.g., titanium, steel, aluminum, analloy, etc.), polymer, carbon fiber, or the like.

The inner portion 12304 may be configured to bend or flex relative tothe outer portion 12302 in response to an opening force being applied tothe inner portion 12304. For example, FIG. 123C illustrates an openingforce 12308 being applied to an actuation region 12310 of the innerportion 12304. The opening force 12308 causes the inner portion 12304 toflex or bend to define a gap between the inner and outer portions 12304,12302 that allows the clip 12300 to be attached to other objects (e.g.,loops on bags, holes in keys, etc.). The inner portion 12304 may bebiased towards a closed position (shown in FIGS. 123A and 123B), suchthat when the opening force 12308 is removed, the inner portion 12304returns to the closed position, thereby retaining the clip 12300 toother objects (and/or retaining the objects to the clip 12300).

FIGS. 124A-124B illustrate another example clip 12400. The clip 12400 issimilar to the clip 12300 in material, function, and manufacturing, butincludes an opening 12408 for attaching to a tag retainer. For example,the attachment portion 6904 of the tag retainer 6900 (FIGS. 69A-69C) maybe looped through the opening 12408 to attach the clip 12400 to the tagretainer 6900.

The clip 12400 may define an outer portion 12402 and an inner portion12404. The outer and inner portions 12402, 12404 may be defined byforming a slit 12406 into the material of the clip 12400. The slit 12406may be formed in any suitable manner, such as electrical dischargemachining (EDM), plasma cutting, laser cutting, conventional machiningor milling, or the like. The slit 12406 may define a small gap, such asequal to or less than about 200 microns, 100 microns, 50 microns, or 10microns.

The inner portion 12404 may be configured to bend or flex relative tothe outer portion 12402 in response to an opening force being applied tothe inner portion 12404. For example, FIG. 124B illustrates an openingforce 12410 being applied to the inner portion 12404, causing the innerportion 12404 to flex or bend to define a gap between the inner andouter portions 12404, 12402 that allows the clip 12400 to be attached toother objects (e.g., loops on bags, holes in keys, etc.). The innerportion 12404 may be biased towards a closed position (shown in FIG.124A), such that when the opening force 12410 is removed, the innerportion 12404 returns to the closed position, thereby retaining the clip12400 to other objects (and/or retaining the objects to the clip 12400).

FIGS. 125A-125B illustrate another example clip 12500. The clip 12500 issimilar to the clip 12400 in material, function, and manufacturing, andincludes an opening 12510 for attaching to a tag retainer. For example,the attachment portion 6904 of the tag retainer 6900 (FIGS. 69A-69C) maybe looped through the opening 12510 to attach the clip 12500 to the tagretainer 6900.

The clip 12500 may define an outer portion 12502 and an inner portion12504. The outer and inner portions 12502, 12504 may be defined byforming a slit 12506 into the material of the clip 12500. The slit 12506may be formed in any suitable manner, such as electrical dischargemachining (EDM), plasma cutting, laser cutting, conventional machiningor milling, or the like. The slit 12506 may define a small gap, such asequal to or less than about 200 microns, 100 microns, 50 microns, or 10microns.

The inner portion 12504 may be configured to bend or flex relative tothe outer portion 12502 in response to an opening force being applied tothe inner portion 12504. The inner portion 12504 may be biased towards aclosed position (shown in FIG. 125A), such that when an opening force isremoved, the inner portion 12504 returns to the closed position, therebyretaining the clip 12500 to other objects (and/or retaining the objectsto the clip 12500).

The clip 12500 may also define a lateral guide feature that inhibits theinner portion 12504 from deflecting laterally with respect to adjacentportions of the clip 12500. For example, FIG. 125B is a detail view ofthe clip 12500, showing the area 125B-125B in FIG. 125A. The clip 12500may include a lateral guide 12512 that allows the inner portion 12504 tomove inward, along the direction indicated by arrows 12514, whileinhibiting out-of-plane motion along the direction indicated by arrows12516. As shown, the lateral guide 12512 is defined by a rail protrudingfrom an end of the inner portion 12504 and a corresponding groove formedin the surface of the clip 12500 opposite the rail. In other examples,the inner portion 12504 may include the groove and the rail may protrudefrom the location where the groove is shown in FIG. 125B.

FIGS. 126A-126C illustrate perspective, front, and side views,respectively, of an example clip 12600 for attaching to a tag retainer.The clip 12600 may be formed of a unitary piece of material, such as asingle piece of metal. The clip 12600 may define an opening 12606 forattaching to a tag retainer. For example, the attachment portion 6904 ofthe tag retainer 6900 (FIGS. 69A-69C) may be looped through the opening12606 to attach the clip 12600 to the tag retainer 6900.

The clip 12600 may define a first ring member 12602 and a second ringmember 12604, which may be biased against each other. The first andsecond ring members 12602, 12604 may operate in a manner similar to asplit ring or key ring. For example, objects such as keys, straps, fobs,or the like may be attached to the clip 12600 by spreading the first andsecond ring members 12602, 12604 apart (e.g., at one of the ends 12608,12610) and threading the object along one of the ring members until itbecomes linked to the clip 12600. The clip 12600 may be formed of anysuitable material, such as metal (e.g., titanium, steel, aluminum, analloy, etc.), polymer, carbon fiber, or the like.

FIGS. 127A-127C illustrate perspective, front, and side views,respectively, of an example clip 12700 for attaching to a tag retainer.The clip 12700 may be similar in materials and function to the clip12600, but instead of being a unitary piece of material, the clip 12700may be formed by joining two members together. For example, a firstmember 12702 may be joined to a second member 12704 along a base region12712. The first member 12702 may define a first opening 12708 and thesecond member 12704 may define a second opening 12710 to allow the clip12700 to operate in a manner similar to a split ring or key ring, asdescribed above with respect to the clip 12600. The clip 12700 may beformed of any suitable material, such as metal (e.g., titanium, steel,aluminum, an alloy, etc.), polymer, carbon fiber, or the like. The firstand second members 12702, 12704 may be attached to one another in anysuitable manner, such as via welding, soldering, brazing, adhering(e.g., with an epoxy or other adhesive), or the like.

The clip 12700 may define an opening 12706 for attaching to a tagretainer. For example, the attachment portion 6904 of the tag retainer6900 (FIGS. 69A-69C) may be looped through the opening 12706 to attachthe clip 12700 to the tag retainer 6900.

FIG. 128 illustrates a perspective view of an example ring 12800 forattaching to a tag retainer. The ring 12800 may be a unitary structurethat defines a first opening 12804 and a second opening 12806. Thesecond opening 12806 may be configured for attaching to a tag retainer.For example, the attachment portion 6904 of the tag retainer 6900 (FIGS.69A-69C) may be looped through the second opening 12806 to attach thering 12800 to the tag retainer 6900. The first opening 12804 may be usedto attach the ring 12800 to another object. For example, a strap, clip,carabiner, zip tie, rope, Velcro strap, or any other suitable member orobject may be inserted through the first opening 12804 to attach thering 12800 to another object. The ring 12800 may be formed of anysuitable material, such as metal (e.g., titanium, steel, aluminum, analloy, etc.), polymer, carbon fiber, or the like.

As described herein, the wirelessly locatable tag may be attached toand/or held in one of a variety of accessories or tag retainers. Forexample, as described above with respect to FIGS. 69A-128 , a lanyard,key fob, luggage tag, belt, band, or other accessory may be adapted tohold or secure the wirelessly locatable tag and facilitate attachment toanother object or article. Also, as previously described with respect tosome embodiments, an accessory like a lanyard may include one or moresnaps or other fasteners that may be engaged to secure, retain, orcouple to the wirelessly locatable tag. One or more fasteners like asnap or button may also be used to secure the lanyard or accessory toanother object like a piece of luggage, article of clothing, or otherpersonal item. For purposes of the following description, the term“snap” may be used to refer a snap assembly or snap module, which may beformed from two or more subassemblies or modules. For purposes of thefollowing description, the term “wireless tag” may be used to refer to awirelessly locatable tag or tag, which has been described in detail withrespect to various other embodiments, herein.

FIGS. 129A-129C depict an example accessory that may include a snap orother type of fastener. In particular, FIGS. 129A-129C depict a lanyard12900 (also referred to as a tag retainer or holder) that is configuredto hold a wireless tag 12950. The wireless tag 12950 may be similar tothe other wirelessly locatable tags or tags described with respect toother embodiments and examples provided herein. As previously described,it may be beneficial to attach the wireless tag 12950 to an article likea piece of luggage, a backpack, a satchel, or other personal item. Thelanyard 12900 includes an attachment feature or attachment portion,specifically an attachment ring 12904, that may be made from a metalmaterial and may be configured to be attached to a strap or otherelement of the personal item. The lanyard 12900 also includes a pocket12906 (also referred to as a recess, retaining portion, or tagreceptacle portion) or other tag-retaining feature that is configured tohold the wireless tag 12950 securely in the lanyard 12900, which mayallow for wireless tracking of the personal item attached to the lanyard12900 and wireless tag 12950.

As shown in FIG. 129C, the wireless tag 12950 may also be removed fromthe lanyard 12900 by releasing the snap 12902, which allows the pocket12906 to be opened. As described in more detail below, the snap 12902,also referred to as a snap assembly, may be formed from two assembliesor modules (e.g., male and female assemblies) that are configured toengage each other when pressed together by the user's fingers. When thesnap 12902 is closed or engaged, the snap 12902 secures elements of thelanyard 12900 together, thereby closing the pocket 12906. As describedherein, the elements that are secured together or attached by the snap12902 may be referred to generically as a first element 12910 and asecond element 12912. In the present example, the first element 12910and the second element 12912 correspond to different straps or regionsof the lanyard 12900 that are secured together by the snap 12902. Asshown in FIG. 129C, the snap 12902 may be separated by hand, whichallows for the separation of the first element 12910 from the secondelement 12912 and allows for the pocket 12906 to be opened and allowsthe wireless tag 12950 to be removed.

FIGS. 130A-130H, 131A-131H, 132A-132C, and 133A-133B depict examplefasteners that may be used for an accessory of the wireless tag (e.g., alanyard), as described herein. In particular, the following embodimentsare directed to a mechanical snap fastener that is adapted to attach twoelements together using a mechanical engagement between two snapassemblies or modules. As described herein, a snap fastener may begenerally referred to as a “snap” and may include two mating snapassemblies or modules, which may be referred to separately as a malemodule/assembly and a female module/assembly. The female and malemodules/assemblies of the snap are configured to couple to one anotherin order to form a mechanical interlock that is secure enough to remainengaged during ordinary use. The female and male assemblies/modules ofthe snap may also be disengaged by hand or without the use of specialtools.

In the embodiment depicted in FIGS. 130A-130C, the snap 13000, alsoreferred to as a snap assembly, is used to couple together two accessoryelements generally referred to as a first element 13010 and a secondelement 13012. In some cases, the first element 13010 is a first portionof a strap and the second element 13012 is a second portion of the samestrap or another strap of the accessory. In some cases, the firstelement 13010 and second element 13012 are separate pieces of differentcomponents that are coupled together by the snap 13000. In other cases,the first element 13010 and the second element 13012 are differentportions of a common component that are coupled together by the snap13000. Example first and second elements are also described above withrespect to the lanyard 12900 of FIGS. 129A-129C having a first element12910 and a second element 12912.

The first element 13010 and the second element 13012 may form part of anaccessory that may be generally referred to as a “soft good.” The softgood may be formed at least in part from a pliable or soft material thatforms part of the lanyard, key fob, luggage tag, belt, band, or otheraccessory. The soft good may be formed from a textile, including a wovenfabric or other type of cloth made from a network or matrix of fibers,whether natural or synthetic. The soft good may also be formed from anatural or synthetic sheet of a pliable material including, for example,natural rubber, urethane, polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, silicone,fluoroelastomer, or a variety of other polymers. In some cases, the softgood may be formed from a composite material that includes multipledifferent materials and may also include non-pliable or rigid materials.The soft good may, for example, include one or more metal componentsthat define clasps, rings, buckles, or other mechanical elements. Insome implementations, the first element 13010 and the second element13012 of the soft good are made from a laminate material having multiplelayers that are bonded together. The outer layers may be formed from asofter material to provide comfort or a particular tactile feel andinner layers may have a higher tensile or compressive strength toimprove the durability of the soft good. The inner layers may be formedfrom a high-strength material having a lower modulus of elasticity thanthe outer layers and may facilitate capture and retention of the snap13000.

The snap 13000 of FIGS. 130A-130C is configured to provide a reliableand consistent mechanical engagement between two elements of theaccessory using a mechanism that is both low profile or thin and alsoconfigured to be substantially rattle free. The design described withrespect to the following embodiments may be contrasted with sometraditional snap configurations, which may require significantly morespace and may also include elements that may rattle or produce otherpotentially undesirable sounds. Traditional snaps may also not providethe desired mechanical interconnect and/or the desired tactile feel ofthe snap configurations that are described herein.

As described in more detail below, the snap 13000 may include acompression ring 13002 that provides a retention force to maintainengagement of the snap 13000 when closed. The design and/or integrationof the compression ring 13002 may be configured to reduce potentiallyundesirable noise like rattles and mechanical chatter. In the presentembodiment, the compression ring 13002 is at least partially constrainedby one or more compliant members 13004. The compliant member 13004 mayhelp locate the compression ring 13002 while also helping to preventrattling or other potentially undesirable acoustic effects. Thecompliant member 13004 may also be used to reduce or prevent the ingressor collection of debris or other foreign matter from accumulating in thesnap 13000. Additionally or alternatively, the compression ring 13002may also be twisted or have a non-planar shape that helps to reducepotentially undesirable noise. An example of a twisted or non-planarshape is described below with respect to FIGS. 130F-130H.

The compression ring 13002 may be a metal ring having a generallycircular shape and a round wire profile. The compression ring 13002, inthis example, is an open-section wire loop formed from a wire memberthat is bent into a circular shape and having a gap between opposingends. In some cases, the compression ring 13002 is formed from a springsteel or high-carbon steel and is formed into circular shape having anopen end or section that allows for expansion and/or compression of thecompression ring 13002. For purposes of the following embodiments, theterm “compression rings” may be used to refer to the compression ring13002 as it is configured to exert an outward compressive force orretention force on mating components or surfaces. However, the term“compression ring” may also be used to refer to a ring that isconfigured to exert an inward compressive force, retention force, orother type of force to help maintain engagement of two assemblies of thesnap. Elements referred to generally as compression rings may also bereferred to as expansion rings, retaining rings, or simply as rings.

FIGS. 130A-130C depict one example embodiment of a snap 13000 that isconfigured as a low-profile fastener that is substantially rattle free.As shown in FIGS. 130A-130B, the snap 13000 includes a male assembly13020 having a compression ring 13002 and a compliant member 13004. Asshown in FIGS. 130A-130B, the compression ring 13002 is trapped or heldwithin groove 13022 that is formed into the male portion or protrusioncomponent 13024. The groove 13022 may also be referred to as a recess,pocket, or retaining feature and generally includes at least one wall orsurface that is configured to physically constrain the compression ring13002. In this case, the groove 13022 is defined by three walls thatgenerally trap or constrain the compression ring 13002. The three wallsinclude an inner wall that extends between two opposing sidewalls. Whilethe groove 13022 is depicted as having a substantially rectangularprofile, the groove 13022 may also have a curved or rounded profile, Vprofile, or other type of profile shape. The groove 13022 may extendaround the circumference of the male portion or protrusion component13024, and may be referred to as a circumferential groove.

The compression ring 13002 is configured to engage with a mating featureon the female assembly or module 13030. In the example of FIGS.130A-130C, the compression ring 13002 is configured to engage with atapered or ramped surface 13032 defined along an inner bore of thefemale assembly 13030. In general, the ramped surface 13032 is angled ina manner to draw the compression ring 13002 (and the male assembly13020) inward or toward the female assembly 13030 to help maintain theengagement between the male assembly 13020 and the female assembly13030. In this example, the tapered or ramped surface 13032 has a draftangle that generally extends outward in a direction that is opposite tothe mating male assembly 13020. While the direction of the draft anglemay change depending on the implementation, the tapered or rampedsurface 13032 is generally configured to exert a force on the matingassembly that draws the two assemblies of the snap 13000 together. Asdrawn in FIGS. 130A and 130C, the ramped surface 13032 is configured todraw the compression ring 13002 (and the male assembly 13020) downward,which pulls the first element 13010 toward the second element 13012 andmaintains engagement between the two elements. The angle of the rampedsurface 13032 may be specially configured, along with the spring forceof the compression ring 13002, to provide the desired mechanicalengagement between the two assemblies of the snap while also allowingthe male and female assemblies 13020, 13030 to be disengaged by hand, asnecessary. The angle of the tapered or ramped surface 13032 may rangefrom 0.5 degrees to 2 degrees. In some cases, the angle of the rampedsurface 13032 ranges from 0.5 to 5 degrees. In some cases, the angle ofthe ramped surface 13032 ranges from 1 to 5 degrees. In someimplementations, a detent feature like a local depression or groove isused instead of or in addition to the ramped surface 13032 in order tohelp retain the engagement with the compression ring 13002.

As shown in FIGS. 130A-130B, a compliant member 13004 is positioned atleast partially within the groove 13022 with the compression ring 13002.In this particular implementation, the compliant member 13004 ispositioned along the inner wall between the compression ring 13002 andthe inner wall of the groove 13022. In this position, the compliantmember 13004 is able to bias the compression ring 13002 in an outwarddirection with respect to the groove 13022. This may help maintainconsistent or uniform engagement between the compression ring 13002 andthe mating surface or surfaces of the female assembly 13030 which, inthis case, is the ramped surface 13032.

As shown in FIGS. 130A-130B, the compliant member 13004 may also locallydeflect along an interface that contacts the compression ring 13002 toform a localized depression or groove in the compliant member 13004. Thelocalized deflection of the compliant member 13004 helps to seat thecompression ring 13002 and may help maintain the position of thecompression ring 13002 within the groove 13022, which may help providereliable or consistent insertion of the male assembly 13020 with thefemale assembly 13030. In particular, the compliant member 13004 mayhelp center the compression ring 13002 with respect to the othercomponents of the snap 13000, which may assist with reliable andconsistent operation of the snap 13000. For example, the compressionring 13002 may help to maintain alignment of a central axis of thecompression ring 13002 with respect to a central axis of the matingfemale assembly 13030. In the example snap 13000 of FIGS. 130A-130C, thecompression ring 13002 provides the mechanical lead-in or guide as themale assembly 13020 is initially inserted into the female assembly13030. In general, the larger the diameter of the compression ring13002, the greater the lead-in and the easier it is to align the maleand female assemblies 13020, 13030. However, maintaining the location ofthe compression ring 13002 using the compliant member 13004 allows for asmaller diameter compression ring 13002 in order to achieve the samelead-in or alignment. Using a smaller diameter compression ring 13002may result in a lower profile or thinner snap 13000 and a more compactdesign. In this example, the diameter of the wire of the compressionring 13002 ranges from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. In some cases, the diameter ofthe compression ring 13002 ranges from 0.6 mm to 1.2 mm. In some cases,the diameter of the compression ring 13002 ranges from 0.6 mm to 1.0 mm.In some cases, the diameter of the compression ring 13002 ranges from0.3 mm to 3 mm.

The compliant member 13004 may be formed from a compliant or deformablematerial that is soft enough to be locally deformed by the compressionring 13002 but also stiff enough to provide structural support and helpconstrain the compression ring 13002 within the groove 13022. Thecompliant member 13004 may be formed from an elastic material. In someimplementations, the compliant member 13004 may be formed from a naturalrubber or a synthetic or partially synthetic elastomer including, forexample, silicone, neoprene Nitrile rubber, Butyl rubber, Poron,ethylene propylene (EPM) rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA),fluorosilicone rubber, or other similar materials. In some cases, thecompliant member 13004 is formed from multiple materials or has acomposite construction that may include one or more polymers and/or oneor more other materials.

FIGS. 130D and 130E depict alternative arrangements of a compliantmember with respect to a compression ring. In FIG. 130D, a compliantmember 13004 d is positioned along the rear or inner wall and one sidewall of the groove 13022 d. In this example, the compliant member 13004d is able to exert a force (e.g., a biasing force) that is outward andupward, as drawn in FIG. 130D. Stated another way, the compliant member13004 d is configured to provide a biasing force that tends to push thecompression ring 13002 d outward from the groove 13022 d and also towardan opposing wall or side wall of the groove 13022 d. The compliantmember 13004 d and the resulting exerted force may function in a similarmanner as previously described to help constrain the compression ring13002 d within the groove 13022 d. Specifically, the compliant member13004 d may provide a biasing force that reduces potentially undesirablenoise (e.g., a rattle). Additionally, because the biasing force has acomponent that is transverse to a central axis of the snap 13000, thebiasing force provided by the compliant member 13004 d may tend tocenter the compression ring 13002 d within the snap 13000 (e.g.,maintain alignment of the central axis of the compression ring 13002 dwith respect to a central axis of the snap 13000.

In FIG. 130E, a compliant member 13004 e is positioned along one sidewall of the groove 13022 e. In this example, the compliant member 13004e is able to exert a (biasing) force that is substantially parallel witha central axis of the compression ring 13002 e (e.g., in an upwarddirection, as drawn in FIG. 130E). Stated another way, the compliantmember 13004 e is configured to provide a biasing force that tends topush the compression ring 13002 e toward an opposing wall or side wallof the groove 13022 e. The compliant member 13004 e and the resultingexerted force may function in a similar manner as previously describedto help constrain the compression ring 13002 e within the groove 13022e. Similar to the previous example, the compliant member 13004 e mayapply a biasing force on the compression ring 130002 e to reducepotentially undesirable rattles or noise. However, because the biasingforce provided by the compliant member 13004 e is substantially parallelto a central axis of the snap, the compliant member 13004 e may notprovide a biasing force component that tends to center the compressionring 13002 e within the snap. The configurations and locations of thecompliant members described in each of these embodiments are provided byway of example and are not exhaustive of all the configurations andmounting scenarios that may be used.

The snap 13000 includes various components and elements that are used tocouple the snap 13000 to the accessory. As shown in FIGS. 130A-130B,male assembly 13020 includes an outer flange 13025 and an inner flange13026 that are configured to engage and capture a respective portion ofthe first element 13010. The outer flange 13025 and the inner flange13026 secure the male assembly 13020 within a respective hole formed inthe first element 13010. One or both the outer flange 13025 or the innerflange 13026 may include one or more engagement features that mayinclude one or more ribs, teeth, grooves, or protruding features thatare configured to mechanically engage material of the first element13010. The engagement features may be configured to extend into thematerial of the first element 13010 in order to provide a bite or anchorfor the male assembly 13020. As described previously, the first element13010 may be formed from a laminate material and may include one or moreinternal layers that have an improved tensile and/or compressivestrength or a reduced elastic modulus, which may help maintainengagement with the outer flange 13025 and the inner flange 13026 of themale assembly 13020. In some cases, the inner materials form a bottomsurface of the recess formed in the first element 13020, which mayengage the one or more engagement features of the outer flange 13025and/or the inner flange 13026.

The design of the flanges (13025, 13026, 13035, 13036) and/or thematerial of the first element 13010 and the second element 13012 mayresult in a snap 13000 that is substantially smaller than sometraditional designs. In some examples, the amount of overlap between theflanges (13025, 13026, 13035, 13036) of the respective portions of thefirst element 13010 and the second element 13012 may be approximatelyhalf of a traditional overlap. In some cases, the overlap is less than 3mm. In some cases, the overlap is less than 2.5 mm. In some cases, theoverlap is less than 2 mm. In some cases, the overlap is approximately1.5 mm or less.

As shown in FIGS. 130A-130B, the outer flange 13025 may be formed by anouter component 13027 that also defines an outer or exterior surface ofthe snap 13000. The inner flange 13026 is formed as part of an innercomponent 13028 that forms an inner surface of the male assembly 13020.The outer component 13027 may be directly coupled to the inner component13028 using an adhesive, weld, press fit, threaded connection, or otherstructurally coupling technique. In some cases, one or more intermediateelements or components is used to couple the outer component 13027 tothe inner component 13028. In this example, the protrusion component13024 is attached to the outer component 13027 using a press orinterference fit. The protrusion component 13024 may also be attached tothe outer component 13027 using an adhesive, weld, threaded connection,or other attachment technique. In this example, the protrusion component13024 and the outer component 13027 cooperate to define the groove13022. In alternative embodiments, the groove 13022 may be formedentirely within either the protrusion component 13024 or the outercomponent 13027.

Similarly, as shown in FIGS. 130A and 130C, the female assembly 13030 isformed from multiple components. Specifically, the female assembly 13030includes an outer flange 13035 and an inner flange 13036 that areconfigured to engage and capture a respective portion of the secondelement 13012. Similar to the previous example described above, theouter flange 13035 and/or the inner flange 13036 may have one or moreengagement features (e.g., ribs, teeth, grooves, protruding features)that help mechanically engage the respective flange with the secondelement 13012. The outer flange 13035 and the inner flange 13036 securethe female assembly 13030 within a respective hole formed in the secondelement 13012. As shown in FIGS. 130A and 130C, the outer flange 13035may be formed by an outer component 13037 that also defines an outer orexterior surface of the snap 13000. The inner flange 13036 is formed aspart of an inner component 13038 that forms an inner surface of thefemale assembly 13030. The outer component 13037 may be directly coupledto the inner component 13038 using an adhesive, weld, press fit,threaded connection, or other structurally coupling technique. In somecases, one or more intermediate elements or components is used to couplethe outer component 13037 to the inner component 13038.

In this example, the inner component 13038 and the outer component 13037cooperate to define a bore or opening that receives the protrusioncomponent 13024 of the male assembly 13020. The inner component 13038also defines the ramped surface 13032 that is configured to engage thecompression ring 13002. The inner component 13038 also includes achamfer 13039 or lead-in feature formed along the inner surface as alead-in to the bore or opening that receives the male assembly 13020.The chamfer 13039 is configured to engage with the leading edge of themale assembly 13020, which may also include a similar chamfer or lead-into facilitate alignment of the two assemblies 13020, 13030 when beingsnapped together or coupled. The chamfer 13039 may also be configured toengage with the compression ring 13002 and compress the compression ring13002 inward while the two assemblies 13020, 13030 are being snappedtogether or coupled.

As shown in FIGS. 130A-130C, an outer surface of the protrusioncomponent 13024 is exposed along an exterior surface of the snap 13000.That is, protrusion component 13024 is configured to extend through thebore or opening defined by the female assembly 13030 to define anexterior surface of the snap 13000. Also as shown in FIG. 130A, theexposed or exterior surface of the protrusion component 13024 issubstantially aligned with an exposed or exterior surface of the outercomponent 13037 of the female assembly 13030. In this example, theexposed or exterior surface of the protrusion component 13024 may alsobe described as being flush with an exposed or exterior surface of theouter component 13037 of the female assembly 13030. In someimplementations, the protrusion component 13024 and the outer component13037 of the female assembly 13030 cooperate to define a curved ornon-planar profile.

The snap 13000 is also configured so that an inner surface of the firstelement 13010 contacts and seats against an inner surface of the secondelement 13012 when the male assembly 13020 is engaged with the femaleassembly 13030. As shown in FIG. 130A, the male assembly 13020 isseparated from the female assembly 13030 by a small gap or space. Thisprevents contact between the two assemblies, which may also reducerattling or other potentially undesirable effects during use. By seatingthe inner surfaces of the first and second elements 13010, 13012, thesnap 13000 may snap together with a muted or softened feel (rather thana hard or sharp click). The small gap or space between the male assembly13020 and the female assembly 13030 may also reduce wear between the twocomponents and also help preserve any surface finish or surfacetreatment on the respective components.

The various components of the snap 13000 may be formed from a variety ofmaterials. In some implementations, the inner components 13028, 13038and the outer components 13027, 13037 are formed from a metal material.The metal material may be a stainless steel, carbon steel, aluminum,titanium, or other metal or metal alloy. In some implementations, theouter components 13027, 13037 or exposed surfaces of the outercomponents 13027, 13037 are polished to provide a smooth finish alongthe exterior of the snap 13100. In some cases, one or more of thecomponents are formed from a polymer or other synthetic material. Forexample, one or more of the components may be partially or fully overmolded with a plastic material to improve the appearance and or tactilefeel of the snap 13000. In some cases, one or more of the components areformed entirely from a plastic material.

FIGS. 130F-130H depict another example snap 13050, also referred to as asnap assembly, that may be substantially rattle free. Many of thecomponents and elements of the example snap 13050 are similar to theexample snap 13000 described above, and a description of such similarelements are omitted to reduce redundancy and improve clarity. Similarto the previous example, the snap 13050 includes a male assembly 13070that is inserted into and engaged with a female assembly 13080. Alsosimilar to the previous example, the male assembly 13070 includes agroove 13082 that retains or captures a compression ring 13052.

In the examples of FIGS. 130F-130H, the compression ring 13052 istwisted or bent to define a non-flat or non-planar shape. Specifically,as shown in FIGS. 130G-130H the compression ring 13052 is anopen-section ring or wire loop having opposing ends. The ends may be setapart by a gap and the ends of the ring, in this example, are displacedto define an offset D₁. The compression ring 13052 may be described ashaving a partially helical shape, non-planar profile, or otherwisenon-flat shape. This out-of-plane distortion or displacement helpsconstrain the compression ring 13052 within the groove 13082 so that thecompression ring 13052 cannot move freely and cause a potentiallyundesirable rattle or chatter. The offset D₁ may be greater than theclearance between the diameter of the compression ring 13052 and theopposing walls of the groove 13082. In some cases, the offset D₁ is lessthan 0.5 mm. In some cases, the offset D₁ is less than 0.4 mm. In somecases, the offset D₁ is less than 0.3 mm. The offset D₁ may also bedescribed with respect to the wire diameter of the open-section wireloop. In some cases, the offset D₁ ranges from 10% to 50% of the wirediameter. In some cases, the offset D₁ ranges from 15% to 40% of thewire diameter. In some cases, the offset D₁ ranges from 20% to 30% ofthe wire diameter. As shown in FIG. 130F, the twist or non-flat shaperesults in the compression ring 13052 contacting an upper wall of thegroove 13082 for one portion of the groove 13082 and also contacting alower wall of the groove 13082 for another portion of the groove 13082,which helps to constrain the compression ring 13052 along an axialdirection (as defined by a central axis of the snap 13050).

The compression ring 13052 may have other non-flat or non-planar shapesthat similarly constrain the compression ring 13052 within the groove13082. For example, the compression ring 13052 may have a wavy shape,U-shape, or other non-flat shape that results in the compression ring13052 contacting both opposing sidewalls of the groove 13082 in order toconstrain the compression ring 13052 along the axial direction andreduce potential rattles or chatter. In some cases, the snaps 13000,13050 include both a compliant member (as described above with respectto FIGS. 130A-130E) and a non-flat shape (as described with respect toFIGS. 130F-130H).

FIGS. 131A-131C depict another configuration of a snap 13100, alsoreferred to as a snap assembly, having a low-profile and substantiallyrattle-free design. Many of the same or similar features described abovewith respect to snap 13000 also apply to the snap 13100, and adescription of which are not repeated to reduce redundancy. Similar tothe other embodiments described herein, the snap 13100 may be integratedwith or incorporated into an accessory or soft good including, forexample, a lanyard, key fob, luggage tag, belt, band, or otheraccessory. The snap 13100 may also be formed from similar materials andfunction in a similar fashion as described above with respect to FIGS.130A-130C.

Similar to the previous example, the snap 13100 includes a male assembly13120 and a female assembly 13130. Also similar to the previous example,the snap 13100 includes a compression ring 13102 and a compliant member13104 that are positioned at least partially within a groove 13132. Inthis example, instead of a groove being formed into a protrusioncomponent of the male assembly, the groove 13132 is formed into acomponent of the female assembly 13130. Also, instead of exerting anoutward force, the compression ring 13102 of the snap 13100 isconfigured to exert a (retaining) force in an inward direction towardramped surface 13122 that is defined along a surface of the protrusioncomponent 13124 of the male assembly 13120. The groove 13132 may extendaround the circumference of the female assembly 13130, and may bereferred to as a circumferential groove.

In the example snap 13100 of FIGS. 131A-131C, the compression ring 13102is at least partially constrained by the compliant member 13104. Asshown in FIGS. 131A and 131C, the compliant member 13104 may locallydeflect along an interface that contacts the compression ring 13102 toform a localized depression or groove in the compliant member 13104. Thelocalized deflection of the compliant member 13104 helps to seat thecompression ring 13102 and may help maintain the position of thecompression ring 13102 within the groove 13132, which may help providereliable or consistent insertion of the male assembly 13120 with thefemale assembly 13130. In particular, the compliant member 13104 mayhelp center the compression ring 13102 with respect to the othercomponents of the snap 13100, which may assist with reliable andconsistent operation of the snap 13100. Similar to the previous example,the compression ring 13102 provides the mechanical lead-in or guide asthe male assembly 13120 is initially inserted into the female assembly13130. Maintaining the location of the compression ring 13102 andsupporting the compression ring 13102 using the compliant member 13104may allow for a smaller diameter compression ring 13102 than wouldordinarily be used.

FIGS. 131D and 131E depict alternative arrangements of a compliantmember with respect to a compression ring. In FIG. 131D, a compliantmember 13104 d is positioned along the rear or inner wall and one sidewall of the groove 13122 d. In this example, the compliant member 13104d is able to exert a force (e.g., a biasing force) that is outward andupward, as drawn in FIG. 131D. Stated another way, the compliant member13104 d is configured to provide a biasing force that tends to push thecompression ring 13102 d outward from the groove 13122 d and also towardan opposing wall or sidewall of the groove 13122 d. The compliant member13104 d and the resulting exerted force may function in a similar manneras previously described to help constrain the compression ring 13102 dwithin the groove 13122 d. Specifically, the compliant member 13104 dmay provide a biasing force that reduces potentially undesirable noise(e.g., a rattle). Additionally, because the biasing force has acomponent that is transverse to a central axis of the snap, the biasingforce provided by the compliant member 13104 d may tend to center thecompression ring 13102 d within the snap.

In FIG. 131E, a compliant member 13104 e is positioned along onesidewall of the groove 13122 e. In this example, the compliant member13104 e is able to exert a (biasing) force that is upward, as drawn inFIG. 131E. Stated another way, the compliant member 13104 e isconfigured to provide a biasing force that tends to push the compressionring 13102 e toward an opposing wall or side wall of the groove 13122 e.The compliant member 13104 e and the resulting exerted force mayfunction in a similar manner as previously described to help constrainthe compression ring 13102 e within the groove 13122 e. The compliantmember 13104 e and the resulting exerted force may function in a similarmanner as previously described to help constrain the compression ring13102 e within the groove 13122 e. Similar to the previous example, thecompliant member 13104 e may apply a biasing force on the compressionring 131002 e to reduce potentially undesirable rattles or noise.However, because the biasing force provided by the compliant member13104 e is approximately parallel to a central axis of the snap, thecompliant member 13104 e may not provide a biasing force component thattends to center the compression ring 13102 e within the snap Theconfigurations and locations of the compliant members described in eachof these embodiments are provided by way of example and are notexhaustive of all the configurations and mounting scenarios that may beused.

The snap 13100 includes various components and elements that are used tocouple the snap 13000 to the accessory. In particular, the snap 13100also includes mounting flanges that couple the male and femaleassemblies 13120, 13130 to the respective first and second elements13110, 13112. As shown in FIGS. 131A-131B, the male assembly 13120includes an outer flange 13125 and an inner flange 13126 that areconfigured to engage and capture a respective portion of the firstelement 13110. The outer flange 13125 and the inner flange 13126 securethe male assembly 13120 within a respective hole formed in the firstelement 13110. Similar to the previous examples described above, theouter flange 13125 and/or the inner flange 13126 may have one or moreengagement features (e.g., ribs, teeth, grooves, protruding features)that help mechanically engage the respective flanges with the firstelement 13110.

As shown in FIGS. 131A-131B, the outer flange 13125 may be formed bypart of the protrusion component 13124 that also defines an outer orexterior surface of the snap 13100. The inner flange 13126 is formed aspart of an inner component 13128 that forms an inner surface of the maleassembly 13120. The protrusion component 13124 may be directly coupledto the inner component 13128 using an adhesive, weld, press fit,threaded connection, or other structurally coupling technique. In somecases, one or more intermediate elements or components is used to couplethe protrusion component 13124 to the inner component 13128.

As shown in FIGS. 131A and 131C, the female assembly 13130 is formedfrom multiple components. Specifically, the female assembly 13130includes an outer flange 13135 and an inner flange 13136 that areconfigured to engage and capture a respective portion of the secondelement 13112. The outer flange 13135 and the inner flange 13136 securethe female assembly 13130 within a respective hole formed in the secondelement 13112. Similar to the previous examples described above, theouter flange 13135 and/or the inner flange 13136 may have one or moreengagement features (e.g., ribs, teeth, grooves, protruding features)that help mechanically engage the respective flange with the secondelement 13112.

As shown in FIGS. 131A and 131C, the outer flange 13135 may be formed byan outer component 13137 that also defines an outer or exterior surfaceof the snap 13100. The inner flange 13136 is formed as part of an innercomponent 13138 that forms an inner surface of the female assembly13130. The outer component 13137 may be directly coupled to the innercomponent 13138 using an adhesive, weld, press fit, threaded connection,or other structurally coupling technique. In some cases, one or moreintermediate elements or components is used to couple the outercomponent 13137 to the inner component 13138.

In this example, the inner component 13138 and the outer component 13137cooperate to define a bore or opening that receives the protrusioncomponent 13124 of the male assembly 13120. As shown in FIGS. 131A-131B,the protrusion component 13124 includes a chamfer 13129 that mayfacilitate alignment and insertion of the male assembly 13120 into thefemale assembly 13130. The chamfer 13139 is configured to engage withthe leading edge of the female assembly 13130, which may also include asimilar chamfer or lead-in to facilitate alignment of the two assemblies13120, 13130 when being snapped together or coupled. The chamfer 13139may also be configured to engage with the compression ring 13102 andcompress the compression ring 13102 inward while the two assemblies13120, 13130 are being snapped together or coupled.

The protrusion component 13124 also includes a ramped surface 13122,which is configured to engage with the compression ring 13102 and mayhelp retain engagement between the male assembly 13120 into the femaleassembly 13130. In general, the ramped surface 13122 is angled in amanner to draw the compression ring 13102 (and the female assembly13130) inward or toward the male assembly 13130 to help maintain theengagement between the male assembly 13120 and the female assembly13130. In this example, the tapered or ramped surface 13122 has a draftangle that generally extends outward in a direction that is opposite tothe base of the protrusion component 13124 of the male assembly 13120.While the direction of the draft angle may change depending on theimplementation, the tapered or ramped surface 13122 is generallyconfigured to exert a force on the mating assembly that draws the twoassemblies of the snap 13100 together. In some implementations, a detentfeature like a local depression or groove is used instead of or inaddition to the ramped surface 13122 in order to help retain theengagement with the compression ring 13102

As shown in FIG. 131A, an outer surface of the protrusion component13124 is exposed along an exterior surface of the snap 13100. That is,protrusion component 13124 is configured to extend through the bore oropening defined by the female assembly 13130 to define an exteriorsurface of the snap 13100. Also as shown in FIG. 131A, the exposed orexterior surface of the protrusion component 13124 is substantiallyaligned with an exposed or exterior surface of the outer component 13137of the female assembly 13130. In this example, the exposed or exteriorsurface of the protrusion component 13124 may be described as beingflush with an exposed or exterior surface of the outer component 13137of the female assembly 13130 In some implementations, the protrusioncomponent 13124 and the outer component 13137 of the female assembly13130 cooperate to define a curved or non-planar profile.

The snap 13100 is also configured so that an inner surface of the firstelement 13110 contacts and seats against an inner surface of the secondelement 13112 when the male assembly 13120 is engaged with the femaleassembly 13130. As shown in FIG. 131A, the male assembly 13120 isseparated from the female assembly 13130 by a small gap or space. Thisprevents contact between the two assemblies, which may also reducerattling or other potentially undesirable effects during use. By seatingthe inner surfaces of the first and second elements 13110, 13112, thesnap 13100 may snap together with a muted or softened feel (rather thana hard or sharp click). As described previously, the small gap or spacebetween the male assembly 13120 and the female assembly 13130 may alsoreduce wear between the two components and also help preserve anysurface finish or surface treatment on the respective components.

FIGS. 131F-131H depict another example snap 13150, also referred to as asnap assembly, that may be substantially rattle free. Many of thecomponents and elements of the example snap 13150 are similar to theexample snap 13100 described above, and a description of such similarelements are omitted to reduce redundancy and improve clarity. Similarto the previous example, the snap 13150 includes a male assembly 13170that is inserted into and engaged with a female assembly 13180. Alsosimilar to the previous example, the male assembly 13170 includes agroove 13182 that retains or captures a compression ring 13152.

In the examples of FIGS. 131F-131H, the compression ring 13152 istwisted or bent to define a non-flat or non-planar shape. Specifically,as shown in FIGS. 131G-131H, the compression ring 13152 is anopen-section ring or wire loop having opposing ends. The ends may be setapart by a gap and the ends of the ring, in this example, are displacedto define an offset D₁. The compression ring 13152 may be described ashaving a partially helical shape, non-planar profile, or otherwisenon-flat shape. This out-of-plane distortion or displacement helpsconstrain the compression ring 13152 within the groove 13182 so that thecompression ring 13152 cannot move freely and cause a potentiallyundesirable rattle or chatter. The offset D₁ may be greater than theclearance between the diameter of the compression ring 13152 and theopposing walls of the groove 13182. In some cases, the offset D₁ is lessthan 0.5 mm. In some cases, the offset D₁ is less than 0.4 mm. Theoffset D₁ may also be described with respect to the wire diameter of theopen-section wire loop. In some cases, the offset D₁ ranges from 10% to50% of the wire diameter. In some cases, the offset D₁ ranges from 15%to 40% of the wire diameter. In some cases, the offset D₁ ranges from20% to 30% of the wire diameter. In some cases, the offset D₁ is lessthan 0.3 mm. As shown in FIG. 131F, the twist or non-flat shape resultsin the compression ring 13152 contacting an upper wall of the groove13182 for one portion of the groove 13182 and also contacting a lowerwall of the groove 13182 for another portion of the groove 13182, whichhelps to constrain the compression ring 13152 along an axial direction(as defined by a central axis of the snap 13150).

The compression ring 13152 may have other non-flat or non-planar shapesthat similarly constrain the compression ring 13152 within the groove13182. For example, the compression ring 13152 may have a wavy shape,U-shape, or other non-flat shape that results in the compression ring13152 contacting both opposing sidewalls of the groove 13182 in order toconstrain the compression ring 13152 along the axial direction andreduce potential rattles or chatter. In some cases, the snaps 13100 and13150 include both a compliant member (as described above with respectto FIGS. 131A-131E) and a non-flat shape (as described with respect toFIGS. 131F-131H).

As described above, the snaps 13000, 13050, 13100, and 13150 of FIGS.130A-130H and 131A-131H, also referred to as snap assemblies, may resultin an overall reduced size or footprint of the snap assembly. In theseexamples, the overall height or thickness of the snaps (13000, 13050,13100, and 13150) may be less than 6 mm thick. In some implementations,the overall height or thickness of the snaps (13000, 13050, 13100, and13150) may be less than 5 mm thick. In some implementations, the overallheight or thickness of the snaps (13000, 13050, 13100, and 13150) may beless than 4 mm thick. The overall diameter or profile of the snaps(13000, 13050, 13100, and 13150) may also be reduced as compared to sometraditional designs. In these examples, the overall diameter of thesnaps (13000, 13050, 13100, and 13150) may be less than 15 mm. In someimplementations, the overall diameter of the snaps (13000, 13050, 13100,and 13150) may be less than 12 mm. In some implementations, the overalldiameter of the snaps (13000, 13050, 13100, and 13150) may be less than10 mm. Further, as described previously, the overlap between therespective snap flange and the portion of the soft good material mayalso be reduced as compared to some traditional snap designs. In someexamples, the amount of overlap between the flange and the soft goodmaterial may be approximately half of a traditional overlap. In somecases, the overlap is less than 3 mm. In some cases, the overlap is lessthan 2.5 mm. In some cases, the overlap is less than 2 mm. In somecases, the overlap is approximately 1.5 mm or less.

FIGS. 132A-132C and 133A-133B depict additional snap embodiments thatmay be used for an accessory of a wireless tab. In particular, FIGS.132A-132B depict an example snap 13200, also referred to as a snapassembly, having a compression ring 13202. The snap 13200 includes asingle-piece or integrally formed male assembly 13220 and a single-pieceor integrally formed female assembly 13230. Either or both of the maleassembly 13220 and the female assembly 13230 may be formed from astamped sheet metal member. The snap 13200 also includes partiallymolded end caps 13240 and 13250 that define exterior surfaces of thesnap 13200 and that are attached to the male assembly 13220 and femaleassembly 13230 respectively. Similar to examples previously described,the snap 13200 is configured to couple a first element 13210 to a secondelement 13212, which may be two elements or regions of an accessory, asdescribed previously.

As shown in FIGS. 132A-132B, the male assembly 13220 includes featuresthat are configured to engage with the female assemble 13230 and thecompression ring 13202 in a similar fashion as described above withrespect to the other snap embodiments. In particular, the male assembly13220 includes a ramped surface 13222 or other feature that isconfigured to engage with the compression ring 13202 when the snap 13200is closed and the male and female assemblies 13220, 13230 are coupled.While a ramped surface 13222 is used in this example, the male assembly13220 may also include a groove, detent, recess, or other similarfeature that is configured to engage with the compression ring 13202 inorder to help maintain engagement between the male and female assemblies13220, 13230 of the snap 13200.

The snap includes a male assembly 13220 that is integrally formed as asingle unitary element. The unitary element includes a protrusionportion defining the ramped surface 13222 and an inner flange 13224 thatis configured to help retain the male assembly 13220 to the firstelement 13210. The male assembly 13220 may be stamped from a singlemonolithic sheet of metal and may be formed from a stainless steel,carbon steel, brass, or other material that can be formed into thegeometry of the male assembly 13220 shown in FIGS. 132A-132B. In somecases the male assembly 13220 is formed from an aluminum material andmay also be machined in order to form one or more of the features shownin FIGS. 132A-132B.

The male assembly 13220 is also attached to an end cap 13240, whichdefines an exterior cosmetic surface of the snap 13200. The maleassembly 13220 may be attached to a rib 13244 of the end cap using anultrasonic weld, laser weld, press fit, interference fit, adhesive, orother bonding technique. A cap top 13242 may be formed from a plasticmaterial that is over molded over the rib 13244. The cap top 13242 mayhave a surface finish and color suitable for cosmetic and tactilerequirements of the snap 13200. The cap top 13242 may also form an upperflange 13246 that helps retain the male assembly 13220 to the firstelement 13210. Similar to previous embodiments described herein, aportion of the first element 13210 is positioned between or sandwichedby the inner flange 13224 and the outer flange 13246 in order to retainthe male assembly 13220.

The snap 13200 also includes a female assembly 13230 that is integrallyformed as a single unitary element. The unitary element of the femaleassembly 13230 includes a recess or pocket portion that is configured toreceive the protrusion of the male assembly 13220. The unitary elementof the female assembly 13230 also forms an inner flange 13234 that isconfigured to help retain the female assembly 13230 to the secondelement 13212. The female assembly 13230 may be stamped from a singlemonolithic sheet of metal and may be formed from a stainless steel,carbon steel, brass, or other material that can be formed into thegeometry of the female assembly 13230 shown in FIGS. 132A-132B. In somecases the female assembly 13230 is formed from an aluminum material andmay also be machined in order to form one or more of the features shownin FIGS. 132A-132B.

The female assembly 13230 is also attached to an end cap 13250, whichdefines an exterior cosmetic surface of the snap 13200. The femaleassembly 13230 may be attached to a rib 13254 of the end cap using anultrasonic weld, laser weld, press fit, interference fit, adhesive, orother bonding technique. A cap top 13252 may be formed from a plasticmaterial that is over molded over the rib 13254. The cap top 13252 mayhave a surface finish and color suitable for cosmetic and tactilerequirements of the snap 13200. The cap top 13252 may also form an upperflange 13256 that helps retain the female assembly 13230 to the secondelement 13212. Similar to previous embodiments described herein, aportion of the second element 13212 is positioned between or sandwichedby the inner flange 13234 and the outer flange 13256 in order to retainthe female assembly 13230.

In this example, the female assembly 13230 includes a recess 13232 thatreceives the compression ring 13202. The recess 13232, also referred toas a groove, may be integrally formed from a bent or stamped region ofthe female assembly 13230. The recess 13232 may also be machined orformed using another suitable manufacturing technique. While notdepicted in FIGS. 132A-132B, the snap 13200 may also include a compliantmember that is also positioned within the recess 13232 and may help tolocate or maintain the position of the compression ring 13202. Asdiscussed previously, the compliant member may reduce snap rattle and,depending on the configuration, also help to center the compression ring13202. While not depicted in FIGS. 132A-132B to reduce redundancy, anyof the compliant member configurations described above with respect toFIGS. 130A-130E and 131A-131E may also be applied to snap 13200 depictedin FIGS. 132A-132B. Similarly, the compression ring 13202 may have atwisted, partially helical, non-flat, or non-planar shape that helps toreduce rattle, chatter, or other potentially undesirable noises. Adescription of such a compression ring is described above with respectto FIGS. 130F-130H and 131F-131H and a similar compression ringconfiguration may also be applied to snap 13200 depicted in FIGS.132A-132B.

As shown in FIGS. 132A-132B, the first element 13210 and the secondelement 13212 include a pocket 13214, 13216, respectively. The pockets13214, 13216 may be formed as part of a molding process or,alternatively, may be machined into the first and second elements 13210,13212, respectively. The pockets 13214, 13216 may have a depth that isgreater than the respective inner flanges 13224, 13234, which allows forthe first element 13210 to seat directly on or contact the secondelement 13212 when the snap 13200 is engaged or closed. This may preventcontact between the male assembly 13220 and the female assembly 13230,which may help reduce undesired noises and improve the feel of the snap,when engaging the male and female assemblies 13220, 13230.

FIG. 132C depicts another example embodiment of a snap 13260, alsoreferred to as a snap assembly. The snap 13260 of FIG. 132C is similarto the stamped snap example described above with respect to FIGS. 132Aand 132B except that the snap 13260 features a protrusion component orelement 13276 that extends through the female assembly 13280 and definesan external surface of the snap 13260. As shown in FIG. 132C, theprotrusion component or element 13276 defines an external surface thatis substantially flush or aligned with an external surface of the femaleassembly 13280. This may provide a desired aesthetic appearance and alsoimprove the engagement between the male assembly 13270 and the femaleassembly 13280 while also maintaining a thin or low-profile form factorof the snap 13260.

Similar to the previous examples, the snap 13260 includes a maleassembly 13270 that is inserted into and engaged with a female assembly13280. A compression ring 13262 engages a ramped or tapered surface onthe protrusion component or element 13276 in order to help maintainengagement between the male assembly 13270 and the female assembly13280. Similar to the previous examples, the compression ring 13262 maybe retained within a groove or recess and rattle may be reduced by usinga compliant member or compression ring having a twisted or non-flatshape. A similar description of such features have been described aboveand are not repeated here to reduce redundancy.

As shown in FIG. 132C, the snap 13260 includes a molded cap 13272 thatis insert molded over internal member 13274. The internal member 13274may include one or more holes or other features into which the insertmolded cap 13272 may flow into and provide a more robust engagementbetween the two components. The molded cap 13272 may define a portion ofa flange that is configured to engage the soft good. Similar to theother examples described herein, the flange may include variousengagement features including, for example, ribs, teeth, grooves, orprotruding features that help maintain engagement between the snap 13260and the respective portion of the soft good. The snap 13260 alsoincludes other flanges 13284, 13286 that may also include one or moreengagement features to help maintain engagement between the snap 13260and the respective portion of the soft good.

FIGS. 133A-133B depict another embodiment of a snap 13300, also referredto as a snap assembly, that may be used in an accessory of a wirelesstag. In particular, FIGS. 133A-133B depict a snap 13300 that includes amagnetic coupling rather than a compression ring engagement between thecomponents of the snap 13300. Many of the elements and features of thesnap 13300 are similar to those described above with respect to the snap13200 of FIGS. 132A-132B. A description of some of the similar elementsand features are omitted to reduce redundancy.

As shown in FIGS. 133A-133B, the snap 13300 includes a single-piece orintegrally formed male assembly 13320 and a single-piece or integrallyformed female assembly 13330. The snap 13300 also includes partiallymolded end caps 13340 and 13350 that define exterior surfaces of thesnap 13300 and that are attached to the male assembly 13320 and femaleassembly 13330, respectively. Similar to examples previously described,the snap 13300 is configured to couple a first element 13310 to a secondelement 13312, which may be two elements or regions of an accessory, asdescribed previously.

As shown in FIGS. 133A-133B, the male assembly 13320 includes aninternal pocket or recess for receiving a first magnetic element 13322.In this example, the first magnetic element 13322 is positioned withinthe protrusion or protruding portion of the male assembly 13320.Similarly, the female assembly 13330 includes an internal pocket orrecess for receiving a second magnetic element 13332 that is positionedbelow a surface that defines a bottom of the recess of the femaleassembly 13330. The first magnetic element 13322 and the second magneticelement 13332 are arranged with opposite poles facing each other suchthat the first and second magnetic elements 13322, 13332 aremagnetically attracted to each other. As shown in FIG. 133A, the firstand second magnetic elements 13322, 13332 are positioned sufficientlyclose that the attractive magnetic forces are sufficiently strong tomaintain the engagement between the male and female assemblies 13320,13330 of the snap 13300. In this way, the first and second magneticelements 13322, 13332 provide the engagement force that holds the snap13300 in the close position in order to couple the first element 13310to the second element 13312.

The snap also includes compliant members 13324 and 13334 that arepositioned behind respective magnetic elements 13322, 13332 in order toreduce rattling or other undesirable effects. As shown in FIGS.133A-133B, the compliant member 13324 is positioned between the firstmagnetic element 13322 and an inner surface of the first cap 13340. Thecompliant member 13324 may be formed from a compressible foam or othersimilar material. The compliant member 13324 may be slightly compressedand exert a retaining force on the first magnetic element 13322, whichmay help maintain the position of the first magnetic element 13322 andprevent undesired rattling or vibration. Similarly, the other compliantmember 13334 is positioned between the second magnetic element 13332 andan inner surface of the first cap 13350. The other compliant member13334 may also be formed from a compressible material and may beslightly compressed and exert a retaining force on the second magneticelement 13332. In some implementations, the compliant members 13324,13334 and/or the magnetic elements 13322, 13332 may be glued or adheredto an inner surface of the snap 13300 to reduce vibration or otherundesirable effects.

The materials of the snap 13300 may be similar to the other exampleprovided herein. In particular, the unitary pieces that form the maleassembly 13320 and the female assembly 13330 may be a stamped stainlesssteel material or other metal alloy that allows for the magneticcoupling between the first and second magnetic elements 13322, 13332.

As discussed herein, the wireless tag may have a variety of features andfunctions that have a broad applicability and a large number of usecases. As described in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 69A-128 ,a wireless tag module, also referred to herein as a wireless module, maybe physically integrated with an accessory of another device, alsoreferred to herein as a base device. In particular, a wireless modulemay establish a wireless connection with the base device and expand thefunctionality of that device by allowing access to various hardwareelements of the wireless module over the wireless connection. Thisallows aspects of the wireless tag to be integrated with the base devicein order to expand the functionality of that device and provide anexpanded feature set without having to modify or significantly impactthe hardware of the base device.

FIGS. 134A-134C and 135A-135C depict example wireless tags or wirelessmodules integrated with an accessory of a base device. In particular,FIGS. 134A-134C and 135A-135C depict a wireless module that isintegrated into a band accessory of a smart watch or other wrist-worndevice. While the following examples are provided with respect to awireless module that is integrated with a band accessory, the same or asimilar wireless module may be integrated into another accessory, like acase, cover, lanyard, frame, docking station, and the like. Further,while the following examples are provided with respect to a watch orother wrist-worn device, many of the functions and principles describedmay also be applied to a variety of other base devices including, forexample, a smart phone, tablet computer, digital media player, healthmonitoring device, laptop computing system, desktop computing system,and so on.

FIGS. 134A-134C depict an example wireless module or wireless tag thatis integrated into a band of a smart watch or other wearable device. Inparticular, FIGS. 134A-134C depict a wireless tag, referred to herein asa wireless module 13400 that is attached or otherwise integrated with aband 13402 of a watch 13405. For ease of discussion, in the followingexamples, the watch 13405 includes a watch body 13404 that may beseparate from the band 13402 A watch body 13404 without a band may alsobe referred to herein as a watch base or simply a watch. The watch13405, as used herein, may be described as the complete electronicdevice that includes the watch body 13404 and the band 13402, which mayin turn include the wireless module 13400. The watch body 13404 of the(smart) watch 13405, also referred to herein as a base device, includesa display 13406 for producing graphical output and various internalcomponents including, for example, a processor, a wireless communicationcircuit, an input device, a battery, one or more sensors, and otherelectronic components. The wireless communication circuit of the watchbody 13404 may be configured to transmit and receive wirelesscommunication signals, in accordance with the embodiments describedherein. The display 13406 may include a liquid crystal display (LCD)element, organic light emitting diode (OLED) display element, or othertype of display element. The display 13406 may also include a touchand/or force sensor that is configured to detect a touch and/or forceapplied to a cover over the display 13406. In some instances, atouch-sensitive display or force-sensitive display may also be referredto as a touchscreen. As shown in FIG. 134A, the watch body 13404 mayalso include one or more buttons, dials, crowns, switches, or othermechanically actuated input devices. For purposes of the followingdescription, these mechanically actuated input devices are generallyreferred to as a button 13408.

The watch body 13404, as an example base device, also includes a varietyof other elements, components, and subsystems. A description of anexample base device is provided below with respect to the electronicdevice 14000 of FIG. 140 . In the following examples, the base device isa watch 13405 or watch body 13404 and the accessory is a band 13402.However, in other implementations, the base device may be anotherelectronic device like a mobile phone, tablet computing device, portablemedia player, health monitoring device, or other type of electronicdevice. Likewise, in other implementations, the accessory may be a coverfor the electronic device, a protective case for the electronic device,a charging station for the electronic device, or other type of accessoryfor the electronic device. Similar to as described below with respect tothe band 13402, a wireless module 13400 may be installed or otherwiseintegrated with an accessory (e.g., a cover, protective case, chargingstation) by installing the wireless module 13400 in a hole, recess, oropening of the respective accessory. In some cases, the wireless module13400 is integrated into the accessory through a molding technique,mechanical fastener technique, welding technique, or other integrationtechnique.

The wireless module 13400 includes a wireless communication system,including a wireless communication circuit and antenna for wirelesslytransmitting and receiving signals from a separate device. In thisexample, the wireless module 13400 includes a wireless communicationsystem that is configured to operably connect or couple to the wirelesscommunication system of the base device, which, in this case, is a smartwatch 13405 or watch base 13404. The wireless link between the wirelessmodule 13400 and the watch body 13404 may be automatically establishedwhen the band 13402 is installed or physically attached to the watchbody 13404. The wireless link may be established in response to a sensorin the watch body 13404 detecting the presence of the band 13402 and/orthrough a manual setting provided by the user. In some cases, thewireless link may be established by determining that one or more of therespective internal sensors of the wireless module 13400 and the watchbody 13404 are providing an output that indicates that the wirelessmodule 13400 is coupled to the watch body 13404 by the band 13402. Forexample, accelerometer output, gyro sensor output, UWB sensing systemoutput, GPS output, or other sensing system output may be used todetermine if movement of the wireless module 13400 corresponds tomovement of the watch body 13404 in a way that indicates that thedevices are physically coupled.

Using the wireless communication link, sensor signals or data from thewireless module 13400 may be passed to the watch body 13404. Asdescribed herein, the sensor signals or data from the wireless module13400 may be transmitted to the watch body 13404 as a wireless inputsignal, which is received by a corresponding wireless circuit of thewatch body 13404. The display 13406 of the watch body 13404 may beresponsive to the wireless input signal received from the wirelessmodule 13400. By way of example, the wireless module 13400 may include abutton or other input device that may be actuated in response to a usertouch or finger press. As described in more detail below, the wirelessmodule 13400 may include an electromechanical switch, capacitive touchsensor, force sensor, or other similar type of input device. In somecases, the wireless module 13400 includes an array of capacitive nodesor electrodes that are configured to determine a location of a touch, agesture input, and/or a direction or path of a touch's movement on thesurface of the wireless module 13400. The watch body 13404 may beresponsive to an actuation of the input device on the wireless module13400, which may be used to perform one or more of a variety offunctions. By way of example, the watch body 13404 may be responsive tothe input device in order to wake the watch body 13404, place the watchbody 13404 in a sleep or hibernation mode, acknowledge receipt of anincoming message, silence an alarm or other output of the watch body13404, initiate a payment for an electronic transaction, access a listof contacts or an address book on the watch body 13404, display a listof programs or apps running on the watch body 13404, access a previousscreen or display of the graphical user interface displayed on thedisplay 13406 of the watch body 13404, start or stop a stopwatch orother timing function of the watch 13404, initiate a running or activitytracking program or function of the watch body 13404, initiate or beginplaying a song or other media for a media-player function of the watchbody 13404, and/or perform another function on the watch body 13404. Insome cases, the wireless module 13400 and/or the watch body 13404 may beprogrammable to replicate the functionality of one or more buttons 13408of the watch body 13404. Similarly, the wireless module 13400 and/or thewatch body 13404 may be programmable to replicate functionality of thetouch- and/or force-sensitive surface of the display 13406 (e.g., thetouchscreen). For example, an input provided to the wireless module13400 may be used as a supplement to or replacement for a touch and/orforce input on the display 13406. The wireless module 13400 may, forexample, be configured to detect gesture or other dynamic touch inputusing a capacitive array of nodes or electrodes. The gesture and/ordynamic input may be used to replicate touch and gesture input that maybe provided to the touch screen display. A touch, gesture, and/or forceinput to the wireless module 13400 may be used to select a graphicalobject displayed on the display 13406, change a display mode of thegraphical user interface, actuate a virtual button displayed in thedisplay 13406, scroll through a list of items on the display, perform azoom function on the display, enter a passcode or signature gesture, orperform other functionality on the watch body 13404.

Using the wireless communication link, signals and/or data from thewatch body 13404 may also be passed to the wireless module 13400 using awireless input signal, wireless output signal, or other type of wirelesssignal. The wireless module 13400 may be responsive to such signalsand/or data from the watch body 13404 and may be configured to performone of a variety of functions or outputs in response to operationsperformed on the watch body 13404. In one example, the wireless module13400 includes a haptic device or other device that is configured toproduce a haptic output that is tactilely perceptible to the user. Forexample, the wireless module 13400 may include an electromagnetic orpiezoelectric haptic engine that is configured to produce a vibration orother haptic output along an exterior surface of the wireless module13400 that is likely to contact the user's skin. In this example, thewireless module 13400 may be configured to produce a haptic output alongan inner surface of the wireless module 13400 that is likely to contactthe user's wrist. The wireless module 13400 may also be configured toproduce an acoustic or audio output using a speaker or other acousticdevice in response to signals and/or data received from the watch body13404. The wireless module 13400 may also include a display,light-emitting element (e.g., an LED), or other visual output devicethat is configured to produce a visual output in response to a signalreceived from the watch body 13404 and/or an internally generatedcommand or instruction. For example, the wireless module 13400 mayinclude a LED, array of LEDs, and/or a segmented display that isresponsive to a signal received from the watch body 13404 and/or aninternally generated command or instruction.

The wireless module 13400 may be responsive to activity on the watchbody 13404 and produce an acoustic and/or haptic output in response toone or more of a variety of operational scenarios. For example, thewireless module 13400 may produce a haptic output, acoustic output,and/or visual output in response to: an alert or alarm initiated by thewatch body 13404, a message received by the watch body 13404, or aselection of a graphical object on the display 13406 or touchscreen ofthe watch body 13404.

The wireless module 13400 may also be adapted to operate in concert withone or more subsystems operating on the watch body 13404. For example,the wireless module 13400 may provide a supplemental antenna or functionas a wireless receiver for the watch body 13404. The wireless module13400 may also include location-determining hardware like a globalpositioning system (GPS) sensor or the like and the wireless module13400 may relay data and/or signals to the watch body 13404 to providelocation information that may be used to determine the location of theuser and/or supplement location-determining hardware that isincorporated into the watch body 13404. In accordance with otherembodiments described herein, the wireless module 13400 may also includea wireless locating system (e.g., a UWB wireless system) that may beadapted to determine a relative and/or absolute location of the wirelessmodule 13400 using one or more of the techniques described herein withrespect to other example wirelessly locatable tags. Additionally oralternatively, the wireless module 13400 may include a wireless locatingsystem, which may be used alone or in concert with one or more antennasof the watch body 13404 in order to improve accuracy oflocation-determining functionality of the watch body 13404. Similarly,the wireless module 13400 may also include one or more accelerometers,gyro sensors, magnetometers, or other sensors that may operate incoordination with one or more similar sensors incorporated into thewatch body 13404 in order to improve a determination of device location,device orientation, user activity, user posture, or other similarfunctions. An example of the various hardware elements that may beincluded in the wireless module 13400 is described below with respect toFIG. 144 .

As shown in FIG. 134B, the wireless module 13400 is positioned within ahole or opening 13403 of the band 13402. As shown in FIG. 134B, thewireless module 13400 includes an enclosure 13420 that is defined by anupper housing 13422 that is coupled to a lower housing 13424. Theenclosure 13420 encloses a circuit assembly 13426 and a battery 13428that is operably coupled to the circuit assembly 13426. The variouscomponents may be similar to the components described herein withrespect to other wireless tag embodiments. A redundant description ofthe various shared components is omitted to reduce redundancy andimprove clarity.

FIG. 134C depicts an example cross-sectional view of the wireless module13400 taken along section 134C-134C of FIG. 134A. As shown in FIG. 134C,the wireless module is retained within the opening 13403 of the band13402 by a pair of flanges. An upper flange 13440 is defined along aperiphery of the upper housing 13422 and a lower flange is similarlydefined along a periphery of the lower housing 13424. A portion of theband 13402 is trapped between the upper flange 13440 and the lowerflange 13442 thereby retaining the wireless module 13400 within theopening 13403 of the band 13402. As shown in FIG. 134C, the opening13403 of the band 13402 may include a counter bore on either side tohelp nest the respective flanges 13440, 13442 within the profile of theband 13402. In some implementations, the bottom surface defined by thelower housing 13424 is substantially aligned or coplanar with a surfaceof the band 13402, which may reduce the tactile perception of thewireless module 13400 by the user when the watch 13405 is being worn. Inthe present example, an outer surface defined by the upper housing 13422is aligned with an outer surface of the band 13402 along a periphery ofthe wireless module 13400 but protrudes or is proud of the outer surfaceof the band 13402 along a central or middle portion that is surroundedby the periphery. This may allow the user to locate the button of thewireless module 13400 by touch or with minimal visual cues. The band13402 may be formed from any one of a variety of materials including,for example, silicone, fluoropolymer, nylon, or another type of polymermaterial. In some cases, one or both of the upper housing 13422 or thelower housing 13424 may include one or more materials that are in commonwith the material of the band 13402 in order to provide a uniformappearance and/or tactile feel.

The lower housing 13424 and the upper housing 13422 may be formed fromsimilar materials as other wireless tag embodiments described herein. Inparticular, the lower housing 13424 may be formed from a metal, polymer,and/or composite material and may include one or more latches or catchesthat engage a respective mating feature of the upper housing 13422. Insome cases, the lower housing 13424 is configured to be removable by auser in order to replace the battery 13428 or other internal components.Various removable doors and housing components are described withrespect to other embodiments herein and not repeated with respect tothis example to reduce redundancy.

As shown in FIG. 134C, the wireless module 13400 includes anelectromechanical switch 13430 that may be actuated with a finger pressalong the exterior of the enclosure 13420. In this example, the switch13430 is a compressible tactile dome that buckles or collapses inresponse to an external press or force in order to close an electricalcontact or produce another electrical response. The compressible tactiledome may also be referred to herein as a “tactile dome switch.” In somecases, a capacitive touch sensor, a force sensor, or other type ofsensor may be used to detect a press or touch of a finger. As describedpreviously with respect to other embodiments herein, the upper housing13422 may be configured to locally deflect or displace in response to atouch or press by a finger. In particular, an outer portion of the upperhousing 13422 may be formed from a compliant or flexible material inorder to allow the middle or central portion to deflect or displace inresponse to a touch or press. Portions of the upper housing may beformed from a silicone material, synthetic rubber, or other compliantmaterial that allows for a deformation of the upper housing in responseto a touch. In some cases, the movement of the upper housing 13422and/or the movement of the compressible tactile dome of the switch 13430provides a haptic or tactile output that indicates that the switch 13430has been actuated. The haptic or tactile output may be a click or othersimilar tactile response. In some cases, the wireless module 13400includes a separate haptic device that produces the haptic or tactilefeedback in response to a touch or press.

In this way, the wireless module 13400 may function as a remote buttonor additional input device for the watch 13405. As described previously,the watch body 13404 may be responsive to an actuation of the switch13430 and perform one or more of the functions described above. Onebenefit to the use of a wireless module 13400 is that additional buttonsor input devices may be added to the watch body 13404, which may havelimited area for additional buttons or input devices. As discussedabove, the wireless module 13400 may also include one or more electronicsensors that may be used to help determine the location and/ororientation of the watch body 13404, and/or help determine a useractivity or position.

The additional functionality enabled by the wireless module 13400 can beprovided without having to substantially modify or alter the hardware ofthe watch body 13404. In the embodiment of FIGS. 134A-134C, the wirelessmodule 13400 does not include a conductive electrical connection to thewatch body 13404 and, instead, is electrically coupled to the watch body13404 by a wireless communication link. This allows for thefunctionality of the wireless module 13400 to be added or removed bymerely swapping the band that is attached to the watch body 13404.

In some cases, a band may include multiple wireless modules in order toprovide additional user input devices and/or sensors. As depicted inFIGS. 134A-134B, the watch 13405 may include multiple wireless modules13400, 13401 that are located along different regions of the band 13402.The additional wireless module 13401 may operate in a substantiallysimilar way and include similar elements and components as describedherein with respect to wireless module 13400. In some implementationsthe wireless modules 13400 and 13401 are configured differently or havedifferent hardware arrangements. While only two wireless modules 13400,13401 are depicted in FIGS. 134A-134B, other implementations may includemore than two modules. In some cases, an array of three or more modulesmay be arranged along the length of the band 13402, each moduleconfigured to operate using at least some of the functionality describedherein with respect to wireless module 13400.

As shown in FIG. 134C, the wireless module 13400 is electricallyisolated from the watch body 13404 and includes a separate battery 13428for a power source. The battery 13428 may be replaceable and/orrechargeable by an external power source. In the current implementation,the wireless module 13400 includes a wireless charging coil 13436 thatmay be configured to receive power wirelessly from an external chargingcoil in a separate charging dock or charging device. As describedpreviously, the external charging coil may be configured to produce anelectromagnetic field that induces a current in the charging coil 13436,which may be used to supply (wireless) power to the wireless module13400 and charge the battery 13428.

As shown in FIG. 134C, the wireless module 13400 may also include one ormore magnetic elements 13432 that may be used to secure or locate thewireless module 13400 with respect to an external charging device, whichmay also include a mating magnetic element that is configured tomagnetically couple with the magnetic element 13432 while the wirelessmodule 13400 is docked to the external charging device. In someinstances, the protruding shape or convex profile of the upper housing13422 may also help to locate the wireless module 13400 with respect toan external charging device. In some embodiments, the external chargingdevice is configured to wirelessly charge both the wireless module 13400and the watch body 13404 in a common dock that includes externalwireless charging coils for both the wireless module 13400 and the watchbody 13404, which may be housed or enclosed by an common dock enclosureor housing.

As shown in FIGS. 134B-134C, the wireless module includes a circuitassembly 13426 that is operably coupled to the battery 13428 and theswitch 13430. The circuit assembly 13426 includes wireless communicationcircuitry (wireless circuitry) that is operably coupled to or includesan antenna. As described previously, the wireless communicationcircuitry may be configured to establish and maintain a wirelesscommunication link with the watch body 13404. The wireless communicationlink may be conducted in accordance with an established wirelesscommunication protocol including, for example, Bluetooth, BLE, WiFi, oranother protocol. The wireless communication link may be establishedautomatically based on a determination that the wireless module 13400and band 13402 are attached to the watch body 13404.

The wireless communication circuitry may also be configured tocommunicate with external devices using the same protocol or anotherseparate protocol. As described previously with respect to otherwirelessly locatable tags described herein, the wireless module 13400may have wireless communication circuitry that may be used to locate thewireless module 13400 (and thus also locate the base device—the watch13405 or watch body 13404). In some cases, the wireless communicationcircuitry may be configured to generate or relay location data that maybe used as part of a mesh or ad-hoc network of devices. Similar to asdescribed above with respect to the other wirelessly locatable tagembodiments, the wireless module 13400 may be used to securely transmitlocation information about itself or another device using a digital keyor other authentication technique. As such, the functionality of thewirelessly locatable tag, as described herein, may be added to a deviceby incorporating a wireless module 13400 into an accessory of thedevice. Because the wireless module 13400 includes a separate powersupply (battery 13428) and circuit assembly 13426, the wireless module13400 may operate independent of the base or host device while alsobeing used to locate the base or host device (e.g., watch 13405 or watchbody 13404) using one or more of the techniques described herein.

As discussed previously, the circuit assembly 13426 may also include oneor more sensors including, without limitation, an accelerometer, gyrosensor, magnetometer, GPS sensor, or other similar type of sensor thatmay be used to track the location, orientation, and/or movement of thewireless module 13400. The circuit assembly 13426 may also include amicrophone, speaker, or other audio component for producing an audiooutput and/or receiving an audio input. In some instances, the circuitassembly 13426 also includes one or more antennas, which may be used forwireless communication and or location using a UWB, time of flight, orother similar technique. The circuit assembly 13426 may also include oneor more processors or processing units that are configured to executeinstructions, software, firmware, code or other computer-executableinstructions.

The circuit assembly 13426 may also include a near-field communication(NFC) circuit and antenna for wirelessly coupling to another device thatis proximate to the wireless module 13400. In some cases, the NFCantenna is integrated with the wireless charging coil 13436. In somecases, the NFC antenna is a separate element or component that iselectrically and/or structurally coupled with the circuit assembly13426. In some cases, the NFC antenna is formed on or otherwiseintegrated into the circuit assembly 13426.

The wireless module 13400 may also include a display element and/orother visual output device. The display element may include a segmenteddisplay, LCD, OLED or other type of display element. In some cases, thecircuit assembly 13426 includes one or more LEDs or other visual outputdevices that may provide a visual output along a surface of the wirelessmodule 13400. The wireless modules 13400 may include one or more covers,light guides, light pipes, or other elements that enable the visualoutput of the display element and/or another visual output device.

As shown in FIGS. 134A-134C, the wireless module 13400 is incorporatedinto a band 13402 of the watch 13405. However, the wireless module 13400may also be incorporated into another accessory or device that may bepaired with the watch. The accessory or device may be manufactured by athird party and may include additional electronic components that areconfigured to provide a particular set of functions. The wireless module13400 may function as the wireless connection or bridge between thethird-party or external device and the base device (watch body 13404).The third party or external device may be configured to transmit signalsand/or data to the wireless module 13400 using an advanced programminginterface (API) or other communication protocol. Signals and/or datatransmitted to the wireless module 13400 may then be passed on to thebase device (watch body 13404) using the wireless communication linkestablished between the wireless module 13400 and the base device (watchbody 13404). Using the wireless module 13400 as an intermediary betweendevices allows accessories, third-party devices or other externaldevices to establish one uniform interface with the wireless module13400. The wireless module 13400 may then be adapted to work with arange or variety of base devices without having to reprogram orreconfigure the accessory, third-party device, or other external device.For example, an accessory may access or provide signals and/or data to afirst base device (e.g., a watch body 13404) using a wireless module(e.g., wireless module 13400) and also access a second base device(e.g., a phone or tablet) using another wireless module having a similarAPI or other protocol as the wireless module 13400.

One example implementation may involve an integration of a separateheart-rate monitor that may be worn or otherwise coupled to a user inorder to track and monitor a biological function or biometric of theuser, like a heart rate. The heart rate monitor may include a sensor, aprocessor, and a wireless communication system that has been adapted orconfigured to wirelessly interface with a wireless module (similar tothe wireless module 13400). For purposes of this example, the heart ratemonitor may be characterized as an accessory, third-party device, or anexternal device and may produce a signal or data that corresponds to themeasured biometric (e.g., a heart rate). The signal or data (firstsignal or first data) may be transmitted from the heart-rate monitor tothe wireless module using a first wireless communication link (which mayimplement a first protocol or set of APIs). The wireless module may thenrelay a second signal or second data (that is based on the first signalor first data) to the base device using a second wireless communicationlink (which may implement a second protocol or set of APIs). The basedevice may display information related to the measurement of the biodataas part of a health monitoring software program or graphical userinterface. Similarly, the wireless module may be used to pass signals ordata from the base device to the heart rate monitor, which may includecommands to initiate a measurement, stop a measurement, enter adesignated power state, or other type of command or signal. Using thewireless module, the heart rate monitor may interface with a variety ofbase devices (e.g., a watch, a mobile phone, a tablet computing system)through a respective wireless module, without having to substantiallyalter a wireless interface or protocol. As a result, any base devicehaving a suitably coupled wireless module may be used with theheart-rate monitor. A similar scheme may be used to couple a variety ofexternal devices with a base device using a wireless module, asdescribed herein. Example external devices include, without limitation,wireless speakers, wireless headsets, bar-code scanners, navigationsystems, automobiles, home security systems, doorbell systems,thermostats, appliances, home automation systems, and the like.

FIGS. 135A-135C depict another example of a wireless tag or module thatis integrated with an accessory of a device. More specifically, FIGS.135A-135C depict another example of a wireless tag also referred to as awireless module 13500 that is integrated with a watch band 13502 of awatch 13504. Similar to the previous example, the watch 13504 isreferred to separately from the band 13502. However, the watch 13504 mayalso be described as including the band 13502 and, in some cases, thewireless module 13500. The smart watch or simply watch 13504, alsoreferred to herein as a base device, includes a display 13506 forproducing graphical output and various internal components including,for example, a processor, a wireless communication module, an inputdevice, a battery, one or more sensors, and other electronic components.The display 13506 may be similar to the display 13406 described aboveand may include one or more display elements, a touch sensor, forcesensor, and other similar elements. The watch 13504 may also include oneor more buttons, dials, crowns or other input devices represented by thebutton 13508 depicted in FIG. 135A. The watch 13504 is an example basedevice and may include various components that are not expresslydepicted in FIGS. 135A-135C.

The wireless module 13500 may be configured to wirelessly pair orconnect to the watch 13504 in a similar fashion as described above withrespect to FIGS. 134A-134C. Similar to the previous example describedabove, the wireless module 13500 may be used to enhance thefunctionality of the watch 13504 without substantially modifying oraltering the hardware of the watch 13504. The wireless module 13500 mayoperate in a substantially similar fashion as wireless module 13400,described above. A description of the shared features and functionalityis omitted from the description to reduce redundancy.

The wireless module 13500 includes many of the same components andfunctional elements as described above with respect to the wirelessmodule 13400. An example of the various hardware elements that may beincluded in the wireless module 13500 is described below with respect toFIG. 144 . However, as shown in FIG. 135B, the wireless module 13500provides for a remote switch 13530 with may be operably and electricallycoupled to the circuit assembly 13526 by a flexible circuit 13532. Theflexible circuit 13532 may include an array of conductive traces thatare formed on a dielectric material that may be able to be reliablyflexed or bent with normal use of the band 13502. While the presentexample depicts a single switch 13530, an alternative embodiment mayinclude multiple switches that may be located along the length of theband 13502.

By decoupling the switch 13530 from the other elements of the wirelessmodule 13500, the functionality may be expanded without substantiallyaltering the main components of the wireless module 13500. This mayallow for a variety of watch band configurations having specialized ordedicated buttons that are adapted for a particular use case orfunctionality. For example, the wireless module 13500 may be integratedwith a sports band and include multiple switches or buttons, each switchor button dedicated to a stopwatch function, fitness tracking function,or other similar sports-related function. By way of further example, thewireless module 13500 may be adapted for underwater use or for use whileswimming. Due to the presence of water, the touch functionality of thetouch screen display 13506 may not operate consistently or where glovesmay impede the operation of a capacitive touch sensor. Key functionalityor operations of the watch 13504 may be mapped to the one or moreswitches of the wireless module 13500 in order to allow for use when thedevice is wet or when a capacitive touch sensor may not be operable.

As shown in FIG. 135B, the circuit assembly 13526 may be enclosed andsealed using a set of components that together define the enclosure13520 of the wireless module 13500. Specifically, the enclosure 13520includes an upper housing 13522 that defines an outer or upper surfaceof the wireless module 13500. In this example, the upper housing 13522includes a prong 13523 or other similar feature that may be used as aclasp or fastener for the band 13502. The prong 13523 may be configuredto be inserted into and retained by a corresponding hole in a strap ofthe band 13502 to form a clasp or securing fastener to secure the band13502 to the user. In this example, the prong 13523 is integrally formedwith the upper housing 13522 and includes a catch or lobe at the end ofthe prong 13523 that is configured to engage a hole in a strap or otherelement of the band 13502 in order to secure the band 13502 around thewrist of a user. The enclosure also includes a lower housing 13524 thatdefines an inner or lower surface of the wireless module 13500. Thelower housing 13524 may be removable to allow for replacement orservicing of the battery 13528. An O-ring 13562 or other type of sealmay be used to form a water-proof or water-resistant seal between thelower housing 13524 and the rest of the enclosure 13520.

The enclosure 13520 also includes a central ring 13550 that ispositioned between the upper housing 13522 and the lower housing 13524.The central ring 13550 may be used to mount the circuit assembly 13526and may help secure the wireless module 13500 to the band 13502. Asshown in FIG. 135B, the enclosure 13520 may include adhesive rings13564, 13566 that form a seal between the central ring 13550 and thelower housing 13524 and the upper housing 13522, respectively. In somecases, the adhesive rings 13564, 13566 are formed from a heat-activatedadhesive layer, a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer, or another type ofadhesive layer or seal. In some implementations, the central ring 13550includes threaded features that are configured to engage with either orboth of the lower housing 13524 and the upper housing 13522.

FIG. 135C depicts a cross-sectional view of the wireless module 13500along section 135C-135C of FIG. 135A. As shown in FIG. 135C, thewireless module 13500 is retained within the band 13502 by a retainingring 13552. The retaining ring 13552 may be formed from a polymer ormetal material that is inserted into a groove in an opening in the band13502. In some cases, the band 13502 is molded around the retaining ring13552. In other cases, the retaining ring 13552 is installed into thegroove after the band 13502 has been molded or otherwise formed. Asshown in FIG. 135C, the enclosure 13520 of the wireless module engagesthe retaining ring 13552 by an upper flange 13540 formed into the upperhousing 13522 and the central ring 13550. The lower housing 13524 alsoincludes a lower flange 13542 that is configured to seat or contactagainst a surface of the central ring 13550.

FIG. 135C also depicts a cross-sectional view of the switch 13530, whichis positioned below a membrane, cover layer, or outer layer 13503 thatdefines an outer or exterior surface of the band 13502. The outer layer13503 may be formed from a material that is similar to the main strap ofthe band 13502. In some cases, the outer layer 13503 is formed fromsilicone, fluoropolymer, nylon, or another type of polymer material.Similar to the previous example, the switch may include a tactile domethat forms an electrical switch that is closed or otherwise provides anelectrical response in response to an applied force or touch, asindicated by the arrow. The tactile dome of the switch 13530 (alsoreferred to as a “tactile dome switch”) may be attached to a surface ofthe flexible circuit 13532, which operably and electrically couples theswitch 13530 to the circuit assembly 13526.

As described herein, a wireless tag may be useful for a variety ofapplications. As described below with respect to FIGS. 136A-136C,137A-137B, 138A-138B, and 139 , an array of wireless tags may be used totrack and/or monitor a user's posture. In general, poor posture may be amajor contributor to chronic back pain and other musculoskeletal issues.As many as two thirds of adults experience lower back pain at some pointin their lives and incorrect posture may be a significant cause. Lowerback pain may also be a significant cause of workplace-relateddisabilities and may result in reduced productivity and quality of life.However, lower back pain and other musculoskeletal issues may beimproved or prevented through consistent posture monitoring and posturecorrection. As described below with respect to FIGS. 136A-136C,137A-137B, 138A-138B, and 139 , wireless tags may be strategicallypositioned along a body of a user and used to monitor and correctpotentially problematic posture issues to help avoid chronic physicalailments.

An array of wirelessly locatable tags (also referred to herein as“wireless tags” or simply “tags”) may be positioned or fixed withrespect to various regions along a user's body in order to track andmonitor a user's posture. As shown in FIG. 136A, a posture-monitoringsystem 13601 may include an array of wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f thatare positioned along various locations of a user's back. As previouslydiscussed, a location of a wireless tag may be determined relative toanother device using wireless location-tracking techniques including,for example, time of flight (ToF), angle of arrival (AoA), timedifference of arrival (TDOA) received signal strength indication (RSSI),triangulation, synthetic aperture, and/or any other similar techniques.The wireless tag may be used to determine a relative location ordistance with respect to another external device or wireless tag. Thewireless tag, in some implementations, may be used to determine anabsolute location or position by using a global positioning system (GPS)or other locating system that is either integrated with the wireless tagor integrated with a separate device.

As shown in FIG. 136A, a posture-monitoring system 13601 may include anelectronic device 13610 and an array of wireless tags 13600 a-13600 fthat are either directly attached to a user 13605, incorporated into anarticle of clothing, or otherwise coupled to the user 13605 at variouspositions along the user's body. The electronic device 13610 may be amobile telephone, portable computer, tablet computer, portable musicplayer, or other portable electronic device. The electronic device 13610may also be attached to the user and may be a watch, a smart watch, awrist-worn health monitoring device, or other type of wearableelectronic device. The electronic device 13610 may also be a notebook orlaptop computer system, a desktop computer system, health monitordevice, or other type of device. An example electronic device 14300 isdescribed below with respect to FIG. 143 , a complete description whichis not repeated here for electronic device 13610. In some cases, theelectronic device 13610 is an appliance or other device that is fixed ina room or location. While only one electronic device 13610 is depictedin the example system, 13601 of FIG. 136A, other implementations orsystems may include multiple electronic devices, which may improve theaccuracy and/or reliability of the posture tracking system.

As shown in FIG. 136A, each wireless tag 13600 a-13600 f is positionedat a different location along the body of the user 13605. Specifically,the wireless tags 13600 a and 13600 b are positioned along shoulderregions of the user 13605, wireless tag 13600 c is positioned along amid-back region of the user 13605, wireless tag 13600 d is positionedalong a lumbar region of the user 13605, and wireless tags 13600 e and13600 f are positioned along a leg (e.g., a knee region) of the user13605. The configuration and position of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600f is provided by way of an example illustration and the number andlocations of the various wireless tags may vary depending on theimplementation.

Each of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f is configured to use awireless-location technology to determine a relative location withrespect to one or more of the other wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f. Inone implementation, each of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f isconfigured to use a respective UWB signal to determine a relativelocation of the respective wireless tag 13600 a-13600 f with respect tothe electronic device 13610, also referred to herein as a base device,host device, or a reference device. As described previously, each of thewireless tags 13600 a-13600 f may be able to determine a relativedistance to the electronic device 13610 using a time of flight (ToF),angle of arrival (AoA), time difference of arrival (TDOA) receivedsignal strength indication (RSSI), triangulation, synthetic aperture,and/or any other similar techniques, one or more of which may beimplemented using a UWB wireless system. The location and/or positioninformation determined using each of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600 fmay be transmitted to the electronic device 13610 as what may bereferred to herein as a (wireless) locating signal. The wirelesslocating signal may include location data that corresponds to a distancebetween the respective wireless tag 13600 a-13600 f and the electronicdevice 13610 or another reference. In some cases, the wireless locatingsignal includes a UWB wireless pulse that is used to measure therelative distance using one or more of the aforementioned techniques. Inother cases, the wireless locating signal may include locating data thatincludes a relative location or distance between tags or devices. Inthis case, the wireless locating signal may be transmitted using awireless protocol that is different than a UWB pulse that is used todetermine the relative location or distance. For example, the wirelesslocating data may be transmitted using a Bluetooth, WiFi, or otherwireless transmission protocol.

The electronic device 13610 may be adapted to coordinate the variouswireless locating signals to determine a relative location of each ofthe wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f. In some implementations, theelectronic device 13610 may be able to determine an absolute locationusing a GPS signal or other absolute location determining technique,which may be used to determine an absolute and/or relative location ofeach of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f. In some implementations, amagnetometer and or accelerometer of the electronic device 13610 is usedto determine a relative and/or absolute location of the wireless tags13600 a-13600 f.

In some implementations, the wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f areconfigured to determine an estimated distance between each of thewireless tags 13600 a-13600 f without the use of an external electronicdevice 13610. For example, each of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f maybe configured to operate as either a transmitter or a receiver in atime-of-flight or other wireless measurement scheme in order todetermine a distance between a pair of wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f. Insuch embodiments, the wireless locating signal may comprise an estimateof a distance between one or more other wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f.In some cases, each of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f includes anaccelerometer, magnetometer, or other element that is configured todetermine a device orientation, which may be used to determine arelative location of each of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f. In somecases, the accelerometer, magnetometer, or other element that isconfigured to determine a device orientation provides additionalinformation about the position of the user's body including torso orshoulder twist.

In some implementations, the wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f may beconfigured to use a grid or network of other wireless tags that are notattached to the user 13605 in order to determine a relative location ofeach of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f. Also, as suggested above, thewireless tags 13600 a-13600 f may be adapted to use multiple (external)electronic devices to determine a relative location. For example, threeelectronic devices may be used to “triangulate” multiple UWB signals anddetermine a relative location of each of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600f.

The position and/or posture of the user 13605 may be monitored using therelative or absolute location of each of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600f. The position of the user 13605 in FIG. 136B may represent a nominalor an ideal posture position. As shown in FIG. 136B, an ideal goallocation of each of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f may be determinedwith respect to a datum or reference, here represented by the referenceplane 13604 depicted in FIG. 136B. The location of the reference plane13604, in this example, may be determined as a vertical plane that ispositioned with respect to the wireless tags 13600 a, 13600 b locatedalong the shoulder regions of the user 13605. A nominal position of eachof the other wireless tags 13600 c-13600 f may be specified in terms ofa reference offset or delta with respect to the reference plane 13604.The reference offset of each of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f may bedetermined on a user-by-user basis as each user's body is unique and thenominal, normal, or ideal position of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600 fmay vary from user-to-user depending on muscle mass, body fat content,and other physical body features. Other techniques may also be used todetermine the reference or ideal position of the wireless tags 13600a-13600 f including, for example, local coordinate values with respectto a datum origin, working envelopes, or other spatial constrainingtechniques. Reference or ideal position data may be stored incomputer-readable memory for use by the posture-measurement system13601.

The posture monitoring system 13601 may be configured to detect adeviation or potentially problematic posture condition by measuring anactual posture, which may be measured on a regular or continuous basisand used to generate results, which may be provided to the user througha graphical user interface of the electronic device 13610. FIG. 136Cdepicts an example posture that deviates from the ideal posture of FIG.136B and which may also represent a potentially problematic posturecondition, which may be detected by the posture monitoring system 13601.As shown in FIG. 136C, a location of each of the wireless tags 13600a-13600 f may be determined with respect to a reference plane 13604. Ifthe positional offset of certain wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f fallsoutside of a range or exceeds a tolerance threshold, the system 13601may determine that the user's current posture is potentially problematicor otherwise flag the posture event for the user. In some cases, therelative location of certain of the wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f ismonitored with respect to a working envelope or other volume constraintand deviations that breach the reference working envelope or volumeconstraint are flagged.

The posture monitoring system 13601 may be configured to detect theuser's posture using wireless locating signals received from one or moreof the array of wireless tags 13600 a-13600 f. In the example of FIG.136C, the posture monitoring system 13601 may be used to detect a tiltedposture in which the user's torso is slumped or leaned forward. Thedeviation may be determined using a comparison between a currentrelative position and a nominal or ideal position. In this example, themeasured tilt plane 13606, which may be determined using a comparisonbetween the current position and a nominal position, may represent anangular deviation of the user's posture as determined based on theposition of wireless tags 13600 a-13600 d. The tilt plane 13606 isprovided merely to demonstrate the amount of deviation, which may berepresented using any number of different techniques, depending on theimplementation. A visual representation of the measured deviationincluding for example, the tilt plane 13606, may be provided to the userthrough a graphical user interface of the electronic device 13610 usinganother computer generated display.

Other example postures may be detected by the posture monitoring system13601. For example, the posture monitoring system 13601 may be used todetect one or more common static postures that may be associated withchronic back pain or other health issues. Example static posturesinclude a hollow back posture in which the lumbar region of the user'sback is displaced or distorted in a direction toward the front of theuser's body. Other example static postures include a flat pelvis inwhich the curvature of the user's lumbar region is straightened orflattened as compared to an ideal or nominal posture. Other examplepostures include slumped postures, military postures, rounded shoulderpostures and other similar postures that may be observed through theposition or curvature of the user's back from the side of the user'sbody. These postures may generally be referred to as bend metrics. Theposture-monitoring system 13601 may also be used to detect variouspostures, which may be characterized by tilt or twist metrics including,for example, high or displaced shoulders, high or displaced hips, headtilts, and spinal twists including scoliosis and other spinal defects.The posture-monitoring system 13601 may also be used to detect variousnon-static posture defects that may be evident in a user's gait, runningstride, bending motion, sitting motion, or other non-static scenarios.

The user's posture may be monitored over time and/or measured on aregular interval. If the regular interval is sufficiently small (e.g.,less than about 1 second), the posture measurement may be characterizedas continuous or substantially continuous. The posture measurements maybe stored in a data log and used to display results to a user on agraphical user interface of the electronic device 13610 when requested.In some cases, a series or set of body measurements are used to computean animation of an avatar or other computer-generated model. Thecomputed avatar or other computer-generated model may be displayed on adisplay of the electronic device 13610.

In some cases, the body position or posture measurements are recorded inresponse to a determination that the user 13605 is in a static position.The static position may correspond to a standing static position, asitting static position, a prone static position, or other staticposition. This determination may be made using the wireless locatingsignals (e.g., UWB beacon signals) a motion sensing system,accelerometers, magnetometers, or other sensors and sensing systems. Ifthe user 13605 remains still for greater than a threshold amount of time(e.g., more than approximately 1 second), the system 13601 may determinethat the user's position is at least momentarily static and a posturemeasurement or position measurement may be determined and stored in alog. In some cases, the one or more of the location sensors,particularly the leg sensors 13600 e and 13600 f are used to determineif the user 13605 is in static position, which may be used to trigger aposture measurement. In some cases, multiple posture measurements aretaken and a time averaged or composite posture measurement isdetermined.

In some implementations, the user's position or posture is monitored bythe posture-monitoring system 13601 for a minimum of 4 hours. In somecases, the user's posture is monitored by the posture-monitoring system13601 for a minimum of 8 hours. In some cases, the user's posture ismonitored by the posture-monitoring system 13601 for approximately 24hours. In some cases, the user's posture is monitored by theposture-monitoring system 13601 for multiple days up to and including aweek. In some cases, the user's posture is monitored by theposture-monitoring system 13601 for longer than a week. The user'sposture may be monitored continuously or during periods in which it ispredicted that the user is in a static posture. The static posture maycorrespond to a static condition, which may correspond to a standing,sitting, prone, sleeping, or other user position.

In some implementations, the posture-measurement system 13601 isconfigured to receive input from the user 13605 which may be used toindicate moments of pain or discomfort by the user 13605. In some cases,events or time periods that are associated with user pain or discomfortare used to trigger a posture measurement or flag a posture measurementthat has already been taken (on a continuous or regular interval basis).The posture measurement(s) taken during an interval associated with apain or discomfort event may be displayed to a user or medical personneland used to identify a potentially problematic posture condition.

The posture-measurement system 13601 may be used to determine a numberof different posture conditions. As shown in FIGS. 137A and 137B, atwist condition may be measured using wireless tags 13700 a and 13700 b.In some cases, the twist condition is determined using a relativemeasurement between the wireless tags 13700 a and 13700 b and the otherwireless tags (e.g., 13600 c-13600 f, the electronic device 13610, orother device of FIGS. 136A-136C). As mentioned previously, the wirelesstags 13700 a and 13700 b may also include an orientation-detectingsensor like an accelerometer, magnetometer, or other sensor, which maybe used to measure a relative angular position of the respectivewireless tags 13700 a, 13700 b and used to determine shoulder twistmeasurement.

While the shoulder twist depicted in FIGS. 137A and 137B is provided asan illustrative example, other example measurements may also bedetermined using the posture-measurement system (e.g., 13601 of FIGS.136A-136C). The measurements may include a variety of posture or spinalcharacteristics, which may be generally measured as rotational degreesof freedom: twist corresponding to an amount of rotation about avertical or longitudinal axis roughly extending along a length of theuser's spine; tilt corresponding to an amount of rotation about an axisthat extends from the chest to the back of the user; and bendcorresponding to an amount of rotation about an axis that extends fromone side of the user to the other. By way of example, theposture-measurement system 13601 may be adapted to measure neck twist,upper back twist, lower back twist, hip twist, and other similarmeasurements. The posture-measurement system 13601 may be adapted tomeasure various tilt conditions including, for example, neck tilt, upperback tilt, lower back tilt, and other similar measurements. Theposture-measurement system 13601 may also be adapted to measure variousbend conditions including, for example, neck bend, upper back bend,lower back bend, and other similar measurements.

The number and location of the wireless tags may vary depending on theimplementation. FIG. 138A depicts one alternative arrangement ofwireless tags 13800 a-13800 e that uses five wireless tags. As shown inFIG. 138A, the posture-measurement system 13801 includes a pair ofwireless tags 13800 a and 13800 b that are positioned along a shoulderregion of the user 13805, a wireless tag 13800 d that is positionedalong a mid-back region of the user 13805, and a wireless tag 13800 ethat is positioned along a lumbar region of the user 13805. As shown inFIG. 138A, the posture-measurement system 13801 also includes a wirelesstag 13800 c that is positioned along the head of the user 13805. Thewireless tag 13800 c may, in some cases, be integrated with a headset,eyeglass, or other head-mounted device or article worn by the user13805.

The configuration of wireless tags 13800 a-13800 e depicted in FIG. 138Amay be used to detect a variety of characteristics of the user'sposture. For example, the wireless tags 13800 a-13800 e may be used todetect neck tilt, neck bend, upper back tilt, upper back bend, lowerback tilt. and lower back bend. Other characteristics or measurements ofthe user's posture may also be measured or monitored using the wirelesstags 13800 a-13800 e depicted in FIG. 138A including shoulder dip,shoulder twist, and other body measurements.

FIG. 138B depicts one alternative arrangement of wireless tags 13850a-13850 d that uses four wireless tags. As shown in FIG. 138B, theposture-measurement system 13851 includes a wireless tag 13850 b that ispositioned between the shoulders of the user 13855, a wireless tag 13850c that is positioned along a mid-back region of the user 13855, and awireless tag 13850 d that is positioned along a lumbar region of theuser 13855. As shown in FIG. 138B, the posture-measurement system 13851also includes a wireless tag 13850 a that is positioned along the headof the user 13855. The wireless tag 13850 a may, in some cases, beintegrated with a headset, eyeglass, or other head-mounted device orarticle worn by the user 13855.

The configuration of wireless tags 13850 a-13850 d depicted in FIG. 138Bmay be used to detect a variety of characteristics of the user'sposture. For example, the wireless tags 13850 a-13850 d may be used todetect upper back tilt, lower back tilt. and lower back bend. Othercharacteristics or measurements of the user's posture may also bemeasured or monitored using the wireless tags 13850 a-13850 d depictedin FIG. 138B including shoulder dip, shoulder twist, and other bodymeasurements. In some cases, the wireless tag 13850 a that is positionedalong the head of the user 13855 may be used to measure neck tilt, neckbend, upper back bend, and other body measurements.

As described herein, an array of wireless tags may be used to measureand monitor a user's posture. Similarly, an array of wireless tags maybe positioned at various locations of a user's body and used to measureand monitor other user activity. Thus, the posture-monitoring systemsdescribed above may also be referred to as, more general,position-monitoring systems or simply monitoring systems. Aposition-monitoring system may be configured to track location data forone or more wireless tags over a period of time in order to identify anactivity type. Example activity types include, for example, a weightlifting activity, a running activity, a biking activity, a sportactivity (e.g., basketball, football, soccer), a yoga activity, a rowingactivity, or other type of physical activity. The position-monitoringsystem may be configured to track location data for one or more wirelesstags over a period of time in order to identify an athletic moveincluding, for example, a bicep curl, a running step or stride, awalking step, a baseball throw, a football throw, a rowing stroke, orother type of athletic move. The position-monitoring system may beconfigured to count the number of athletic moves and, in some cases,estimate a calorie expenditure or activity level based, at least inpart, on the number of athletic moves.

By way of further example, an array of wireless tags may be used tomonitor exercise or sporting activity, which may be used to compute ahealth metric like calories used or power output. The wireless tags mayalso be used to monitor the kinematics of the user's activity like arunning stride, swim stroke, baseball pitch, golf swing, or othersimilar kinematic motion, athletic move, or activity. In someimplementations, an array of wireless tags may be used to countrepetitions (reps) or other motions during an exercise or sportingactivity. As mentioned above, the rep or motion count may be used todetermine a more accurate estimate of calories burned or degree ofexercise performed. The motion tracking information performed using thearray of wireless tags may also be combined with other health-monitoringdata like a heart rate or distance estimate in order to determine anestimate of a number of calories burned or a degree/amount of exerciseperformed.

The various wireless tags may be attached or coupled to the user by avariety of techniques. In some implementations, one or more of thewireless tags are incorporated into an article of clothing like a shirtor pants. For example, the wireless tags may be secured in one or morepockets or pouches of the clothing article that are configured to holdthe respective wireless tag against the user's body in a particularlocation. This may require that some portion of the clothing be tightlyor snugly fitted against the user's body to prevent or reduce an amountof independent movement of the wireless tag with respect to the portionof the user's body being monitored. In some cases, one or more of thewireless tags are attached to the user using an elastic band or wrapthat extends around a body part of the user. For example, one or more ofthe wireless tags may be incorporated into a torso wrap that includes astretchable or elastic material that extends around the torso of theuser. In some implementations, one or more of the wireless tags aredirectly attached to the user by an adhesive or using an athletic tape.

In some implementations, one or more of the wireless tags arepreprogrammed or otherwise configured to track a particular region ofthe user's body. For example, a wireless tag may be preprogrammed orotherwise configured to be positioned along a user's left shoulderregion. Similarly, a wireless tag may be preprogrammed or otherwiseconfigured to be positioned along a user's middle back, lumbar, leg,arm, head, or other region of the user's body. The preprogramming orconfiguration of the wireless tag may include a calibration or other setof coded values that may facilitate the use of the wireless tag in aparticular body position. In one specific example, a wireless tag thatis configured to be positioned along a user's shoulder may be adapted tomeasure a relative twist with respect to a complementary wireless tagthat is configured to be positioned on the user's opposite shoulder.

The wireless tags described with respect to FIGS. 136A-138B may includesome or all of the hardware elements and the functionality describedwith respect to other wirelessly locatable tags described herein. Anexample of the various hardware elements that may be included in thewireless tag are described below with respect to FIG. 144 . In somecases, the wireless tags may be adapted to provide real-time feedback tothe user regarding the user's posture or detected body position. Forexample, one or more of the wireless tags may be adapted to provide ahaptic output, audio output, visual output, or other output signalingthe user's compliance or non-compliance with a target or goal posture orbody position. As described in more detail below, the wireless tags mayalso be used to generate an animation or computer-generated model thatcorresponds to the user's detected body posture or position, which maybe displayed on a separated display or device.

FIG. 139 depicts an example process 13900 of using a posture-measurementsystem, as described herein. The process 13900 of FIG. 139 may beimplemented using any one of the posture-measurement systems describedabove with respect to FIGS. 136A-136C, 137A-137B, and 138A-138B. Theprocess 13900 may be implemented on an electronic device of the system,including, for example, a mobile phone, tablet computer system, watch,notebook computer system, or other device having a processor andcomputer memory.

In operation 13902, a user's posture is detected. As described abovewith respect to FIG. 136A, a posture monitoring system may include anarray of wireless tags that are used to measure the relative location ofvarious regions of a user's body. The positional measurements may beperformed using a wireless time-of-flight measurement implemented usinga UWB or other wireless measurement system. An orientation of one ormore of the wireless tags may also be determined using the wirelessmeasurement system, an accelerometer, a magnetometer, and/or anothertype of sensor. Each of the wireless tags may transmit a wirelesslocating signal which may be used to determine the relative position ofthe respective tag with respect to another wireless tag and/or aseparate electronic device like a mobile phone, smart watch, or otherportable electronic device. In some implementations, the separateelectronic device receives a wireless locating signal from a set ofwireless tags, the wireless locating signal indicating or used tomeasure a relative distance between the respective wireless tag and theelectronic device. In some cases, the wireless locating signal indicatesor is used to measure a relative distance between two wireless tags, ora wireless tag and another device or object.

In operation 13904, the system determines if the measured postureviolates a condition or criteria. Similar to as described above withrespect to FIGS. 136B and 136C, the posture monitoring system may beconfigured to detect a deviation of a user's posture with respect to anideal or nominal posture position. The posture monitoring system maymeasure or detect the deviation with respect to a set of positionaloffsets that correspond to the relative location of the various wirelesstags with respect to a datum plane or datum origin. If a positionaloffset exceeds a threshold or other constraint, the position may beflagged as violating the condition or criteria. The posture monitoringsystem may also be adapted to measure or detect the deviation using aworking envelope or volumetric constraint. If one or more of thewireless tags breaches the working envelope or volumetric constraint,the position may be flagged as violating the condition or criteria.

In an alternative embodiment, the system may determine a posturecondition or activity condition. For example, the system may be used todetermine a static posture that is not measured relative to an ideal ornominal posture. The static posture may be analyzed to determine one ormore characteristics of the posture, which may be reported or presentedto the user in operation 13906. Similarly, the system may be used tomonitor a series of body positions, which may correspond to an activityor athletic move. By way of example, the system may use a series ofposition measurements taken using the wireless tags at a series of timeintervals to monitor shoulder, arm, and/or torso movement during a golfswing, a baseball swing, a tennis swing, or other similar athletic move.By way of other example, the system may use a series of measurementstaken using the wireless tags over a period of time or time interval tomonitor a user's hip and leg position(s) during a running stride orwalking gait. The posture and/or activity that is monitored using thesystem may be displayed to the user in a graphical manner, as explainedbelow with respect to operation 13906.

In operation 13906, the system signals the posture to the user. Asdiscussed previously, an indicia of the deviation or posture event maybe provided to the user. In one example, the results of the posturemeasurement are displayed on an electronic device through a graphicaluser interface or other similar technique. As discussed previously, atilt plane or other similar reference may be displayed, which mayindicate the type and degree or extent of the deviation. In some cases,an anatomical representation of the user's body is displayed and one ormore of the regions of the user's body are identified as being deviatedfrom an ideal or nominal posture. The graphical user interface may alsodisplay a description of the problem and corrective actions or otherdiagnostic information to the user.

In one example embodiment, an animation is generated based on locationor posture information obtained using the wireless tags of theposture-monitoring system. The animation may include an avatar or othercomputer-generated representation of the user. The position and/ormotion simulated by the avatar may correspond to a position or motion ofthe user that is being tracked with the wireless tags. The animation orcomputer-simulated avatar may be used to help diagnose or identifypotential issues with a user's posture. The location informationobtained from the wireless tags may also be used to generate othergraphical feedback or information that is presented to the user. In oneexample, the location information is used to determine an amount ofdeviation from a nominal or ideal posture. The amount of deviation maycorrespond to an amount of time or number of deviations in which theuser's posture exceeded a threshold with respect to the nominal or idealposture. In some cases, the deviation or other measurement metric isdisplayed graphically on a histogram, bar graph, chart, or othergraphical representation.

Similarly, a static posture and/or user activity may be displayed usingone of a variety of graphical techniques. For example, an avatar orother computer-generated representation of the user's body may bedisplayed in a position that corresponds to the position and/or posturemonitored using the wireless tags of the system. Similarly, an animationof an avatar or other representation of the user's body may be computedusing a series of positions captured using the wireless tags over aperiod of time or multiple time intervals. In some cases, the animationand/or static representation of the user's activity or posture may beused to diagnose a condition, improve an athletic move, diagnose a runstride, diagnose a walking gait, or perform other further analysis.Additionally, a haptic output, audio output, and/or visual output may beprovided by individual wireless tags when the user's posture or positionis determined to be out of compliance and/or in compliance with a goalor target position or posture. For example, one or more of the wirelesstags may produce a haptic output that is perceptible along acorresponding region of the user's body that is out of position orotherwise violates a criteria or working envelope of the goal or targetposition or posture, which may help the user to correct the position orposture in real time. The output provided by the wireless tags may beused as an alternative to a separate display and/or in concert with aseparate display to provide feedback to the user.

As described above, wirelessly locatable tags may be used to help findand retrieve lost and/or misplaced items. For example, a user can use asmartphone or other computing device to request and receive locationdata of a wirelessly locatable tag via the device-location relaynetwork. This is merely one example use case for wirelessly locatabletags, however, and because the spatial parameters (e.g., position,location, orientation) of tags can be determined with a high degree ofaccuracy, the tags described herein (or any device incorporating thesystems and/or features of the tags) may enable myriad new or improvedlocation-based functions and use cases. Several additional examples ofapplications for wirelessly locatable tags are described herein. Theseuses and applications may be performed by any of the tags describedherein.

Using the localization features of the wirelessly locatable tags (orother devices that include tags or include the functionality of thetags), a user may be able to establish geographic and/or location-basedrules for their devices. For example, a user can establish a rule thatif the user's tag (which may be in the user's wallet) and phone areseparated by a threshold distance, the user should be alerted. Anotherexample rule may be that if a user's tag remains near the user's homewhile the user's phone is away from home (e.g., 100 feet away), the usershould be alerted. Another type of geographic and/or location-based rulemay help avoid false reports of lost tags. For example, a user may beable to establish locations or geographic areas in which the tag willnot report itself as being “lost,” so that other devices (e.g., devicesnot associated with the tag's owner) do not report the location of thetag.

Geographic and/or location based rules may be executed by a device otherthan the tag itself. For example, a user's smartphone, laptop or desktopcomputer, or other device may monitor the locations of a user's keys anda user's wallet (each of which may be attached to a tag), and alert theuser when the threshold distance between the keys and wallet is reached.A notification may include sending a text message, email, pushnotification, haptic notification (via the user's phone or watch), orany other suitable notification technique. Distances between any exampledevices (including between tags) may be monitored (by a smartphone orother device of a user), and the user may be notified if the distancebetween the devices exceeds a threshold distance (or if any otherdistance condition is satisfied).

Notably, the localization techniques facilitated by the device-locationrelay network, such as using UWB signals, allow the location of a tag orother device to be determined to a high degree of accuracy (e.g., lessthan about three feet, less than about 1 foot, less than about 3 inches,or with even greater accuracy). Accordingly, the device-location relaynetwork may allow a user to establish geographic and/or location-basedrules that are more granular than previous techniques. For example, auser may establish a rule that they wish to be notified if their carkeys have been placed in a drawer instead of on a countertop. Othertypes of high-resolution location-based rules and measurements are alsofeasible as a result of the improved location-finding accuracy.

Geographic and/or location based rules may be executed by a device thatis controlled by the user (and/or in the user's possession) to helpensure security of the user's information. For example, instead of aremote server system accessing the locations of a user's tags toevaluate geographic and/or location-based rule sets, a user's phone mayreceive or access location reports of the user's tags, and the phone maydetermine when certain rules are satisfied. In some cases, a user mayhave multiple trusted devices that can individually or collectivelyevaluate the user's geographic and/or location-based rules. For example,a user's laptop computer, phone, tablet, desktop computer, homeautomation system, or the like, may all be authorized to access thelocation reports of the user's tags (or determine a location of a tag atleast in part from signals received directly from a tag) and determinewhen a rule condition is satisfied.

In these examples, as well as others described herein, a tag's spatialparameters may be determined in various ways. For example, in somecases, any device in the device-location relay network (even those notassociated with the owner of a tag) may detect a signal from a tag,determine or estimate a location of the tag, and send a location reportto a server of a cloud-based service. The owner of the tag may thenaccess those location reports at any time. In other cases, a user's owndevice(s) may determine the position and/or location of the user'snearby tags in real-time. Thus, for example, if a user wishes to knowthe location of his nearby tags, he may cause his phone (or otherdevice) to communicate directly with the nearby tags to determine theirlocations, or at least their positions relative to other devices. Directcommunications with a tag (e.g., using UWB to determine the position ofthe tag) may provide faster, real-time location information thanretrieving location reports, and may enable additional use cases andfeatures that would be less practical if all location information wereserved to the user's devices from a remote, cloud-based system. For easeof reference, it will be understood that both of these techniques areconsidered to be provided by the device-location relay network,regardless of whether a cloud-based system is accessed, or if only theuser's own devices are used to determine spatial parameters of tags vialocal communications (direct tag-to-phone communications, for example).

Due to its high accuracy, the device-location relay network may allowaccurate distance measurements between tags. For example, if two objectshave tags coupled to them, the device-location relay network maydetermine the location of each tag (e.g., using UWB location-findingtechniques described herein) and determine the distance between theobjects based on the absolute locations of the tags. Measuring adistance between two objects may be used for geofencing rules that relyon relative positions or distances between two objects, as describedabove. For example, as described above, a user may establish a rule thathe wants to receive a notification if his wallet and keys are more thanten feet apart. The device-location relay network may monitor thedistance between those objects and trigger notifications when thedistance condition is satisfied. As another example, speakers of a homeaudio system may each have attached tags (or incorporate components of atag), and the device-location relay network may measure the distancebetween tags, the position of tags relative to each other, and/or theorientation of the tags (and thus the speakers) to help the userposition and/or align the speakers in their home environment. As yetanother example, a user may place a tag on a vehicle bumper, and anotheron a garage wall. The device-location relay network may determine thedistance between these tags and alert the user when they are within athreshold distance (e.g., to allow the user to park their car in aconsistent and safe location and avoid a collision with the garagewall). As described above, the distance between tags may be determinedbased on tag-to-tag communications, and the orientations of tags may bedetermined using magnetometers, accelerometers, or the like.

Tags may also be used to help a user track their own path of travel. Forexample, a user may leave tags behind as they hike, walk, or move aboutan environment. The device-location relay network may allow the user touse the locations of the tags (which may be supplied via other devicesin the device-location relay network) to retrace their path. Forexample, the user's phone may display a compass-like directionalindicator indicating which way to travel to reach the next tag, or itmay display a map showing the locations of the tags (and an optionalpath defined by the tag locations). Because phones and other devices candetermine the direction to a tag locally (e.g., without accessing aremote server or host system), this pathfinding technique can be usedeven in remote locations where cellular or other network service isunavailable.

When permitted by a user, tags may also be used to track the locationsof individuals for search-and-rescue or other emergency operations. Forexample, a skier, hiker, cyclist, mountaineer, or other individual mayattach a tag to themselves so that rescuers can find the individual inthe case of an emergency such as an avalanche, blizzard, accident, orthe like. Even outside of recreational uses, tags may help rescuers orother emergency personnel locate individuals who are in trouble. Forexample, after an earthquake, hurricane, fire, medical event, or anyother time it may be advantageous for an individual to be easily locatedby others, the individual may selectively permit the device-locationrelay network to access and report his or her location to other users.More particularly, a user who has a tag on or near their person may usetheir phone (or other device) to report themselves to thedevice-location relay network as “in need of assistance” or another suchdesignation. This may allow the device-location relay network to reportthe location of the user's tag to medical personnel, firefighters,police, family, or other service providers so that the user can be moreeasily found and assisted.

In some cases, a user may select a particular triggering event that willcause their location to become public. For example, an individual mayestablish a rule that if their location does not change during a thirtyminute interval, then they should be reported to the device-locationrelay network as “in need of assistance,” at which time the locationreports of the user's tag (or other device) may be accessible toemergency personnel or predetermined contacts. Such rules may helpensure that a user who has become unable to manually initiate anassistance request (e.g., due to an injury during a recreationalactivity, a fall, a storm or fire, or the like) can still take advantageof the location-finding abilities of the device-location relay network,while also still maintaining control over their personal locationinformation.

The device-location relay network may also be used to help mapthree-dimensional spaces using one or more tags or devices. For example,a user may carry a tag on their person as they go about their day, ormove other devices or tags around their environment (e.g., placing theirkeys or phone on various surfaces or objects). The device-location relaynetwork may securely monitor the location of the tags and, over time,construct a three-dimensional model of the user's home or workenvironment. More particularly, the tags' locations may be analyzed byone or more of the user's devices to predict the locations of tables,furniture, walls, and other physical objects and obstacles in the user'senvironment. For example, if a map of a tag's location over time showsthat the tag is often at rest in a location that is about three feetabove the ground, and within an area of about three feet by six feet,the user's device(s) may infer that that location corresponds to atable. In this way, a user's devices may generate a three-dimensionalmap of an area based on location history of one or more tags. Thisinformation may then be used, for example, to help a user locateobjects, avoid obstacles, or identify patterns of behavior and/ormotion. If the user then loses her wallet and uses the device-locationrelay network to help find it, she may be provided with an automaticallygenerated suggestion that it may be on the “kitchen table,” even if theuser has never manually established or input a location of a table.

In some cases, users may manually establish the locations of physicalobjects in their environment by touching a tag to the object andassociating that location with a particular object. For example, a usermay initiate a location-learning mode (e.g., by applying an input to thetag or to another device) and then place a tag on a table. Thedevice-location relay network may then determine the location of the tagand allow the user to associate that location with the object “table”(e.g., via an interface on the user's phone or computer). A user mayperform a similar action with other objects as well, such as walls,desks, doors, beds, closets, pools, or any other suitable object. Wheremaps of a user's environment are generated, they may be securely storedand accessible only to the user. For example, they may be stored locallyon one or more of the user's own devices, or they may be encrypted orotherwise secured and stored remotely (e.g., on a server associated withthe cloud-based service).

Tags may also be used to help users locate and interact with stationaryobjects. For example, a tag may be placed at or near an emergency exitto a building so that, when needed, individuals can use their phone orother device to locate and navigate to the emergency exit (e.g., byshowing a direction-indicating arrow on the screen of their phone orother device to guide them towards the exit). Similarly, tags may beplaced at multiple locations along an exit route so that users' phonescan locate the tags and guide a user along the exit route. The tags mayeven communicate information to the devices such as identifiers of thephysical structure or object that they are associated with. For example,when a phone or tablet communicates with a tag to determine a locationof the tag, the tag may send information to the phone or tablet. Theinformation may include, for example, a name of the associated object(e.g., fire exit, fire extinguisher, defibrillator, etc.), a physicallocation of the object (e.g., ground floor, front hallway, etc.), or thelike. Such information may be stored by the tags, and may be provided toother devices as part of a location-finding process, or it may bebroadcast periodically regardless of whether the information has beenexplicitly requested.

FIG. 140 illustrates an example environment with objects that areassociated with wirelessly locatable tags, and an example deviceproviding a user interface that directs a user to the location of theobjects. For example, FIG. 140 illustrates an example user device 14000,such as a smartphone in use in a building that has an automatic electricdefibrillator (AED) 14002 and a fire extinguisher 14004. The AED 14002and the fire extinguisher 14004 may each be associated with a respectivetag. For example, a tag may be mounted on or near each object. The tagsmay be attached to a mounting base, such as the mounting base 6108, FIG.61A, so that the tags can be powered indefinitely and without requiringbatteries to be changed.

The device 14000 may determine the position of each object bycommunicating with each tag. For example, the tags may send signalsusing Bluetooth and/or UWB communication protocols, and the device 14000may use techniques such as time of flight (ToF), angle of arrival (AoA),time difference of arrival (TDOA), received signal strength indication(RSSI), triangulation, synthetic aperture, and/or any other suitabletechnique, to determine positions of the tags relative to the device14000. Using the detected position of the tags (and optionally spatialparameters of the device 14000 from onboard sensors such asaccelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes, GPS systems, or the like),the device 14000 may display a directional indicator that points towardsthe tags. As shown in FIG. 140 , the device 14000 displays, on a displaysuch as a touchscreen display, a first directional indicator 14008(e.g., an arrow) that points towards the AED 14002, and a seconddirectional indicator 14010 (e.g., an arrow) that points towards thefire extinguisher. The device 14000 also displays a name (or otherinformation) of each device, which may have been provided to the device14000 from the tags themselves, as described above.

The objects and indicators shown in FIG. 140 are merely examples,however, and the same or similar techniques may be used to direct usersto other objects as well. For example, a museum may place tags at ornear exhibits to help visitors find the exhibits, stores may place tagsat or near product displays to help users find products or navigatethrough a store, or buildings may place tags at or near entrances oralong hallways to help a user navigate the building. These tags maysimilarly provide information about the location or object with whichthey are associated. For example, a tag placed near the Mona Lisa mayallow a user's phone to find a distance and direction to the famousportrait, and also provide information about the portrait directly tothe user's phone.

Tags in buildings and other structures may also be employed to helpindividuals with vision impairment navigate the buildings or structures.For example, assistive devices may determine the distance to and/orlocation of various tags positioned in an area, and provide outputs to auser that can help them navigate the area. As one specific example, anassistive device on the person of a user may communicate with nearbytags on walls or other obstacles to determine a distance between thedevice and the nearby tags. The assistive device may provide an outputto the user to indicate the distance and/or direction to the tags (or toa path that avoids the tags) to help the user avoid those areas. Oneexample output from an assistive device may be a subtle vibration with afrequency that increases as the distance between the device and the tagdecreases.

In cases where tags are mounted on obstacles or walls, the tags maystore offset information that indicates where a device (e.g., anassistive device, smartphone) should direct the user. Thus, instead of atag causing a device to direct a user towards an obstacle, the taginstead causes the device to direct the user to a location or along apath that avoids the obstacle. The offset information may be sent to theuser's device, which may then determine where to direct the user basedon the tag's detected location, the offset, and the device's location.

Tags may also be placed along paths, trails, ski runs, or other outdoorenvironments to help guide users. Such tags may also facilitate ortrigger the display of objects in an augmented reality environment. Forexample, a user can raise his or her phone to a tag on a ski run tocause a name of the ski run to be presented on the user's phone display.

Tags may also be used for augmented reality (AR) applications. Inparticular, because the spatial parameters of a tag can be determinedwith a high degree of accuracy (e.g., within a foot of the actuallocation, or less), a device such as a phone, tablet, head-mounteddisplay, or the like, may use onboard sensors (e.g., magnetometers,accelerometers, inertial positioning systems, GPS) to determine how thedevice is oriented relative to the tag. The device may take some actionor display some information to the user as a result of detecting thatthe device is pointed at the tag. For example, if a tag is positionednext to a light switch, a user may direct her phone camera towards thetag, which may cause her phone's display to automatically showinformation about the light switch, such as what light it controls. Theinformation may be integrated into the real-time image preview shown onthe user's phone, thus providing an AR interface. As another example, atag next to the Mona Lisa may cause a description of the famous paintingto appear, in a device display, next to the Mona Lisa itself. As yetanother example, a user may scan a phone's camera around a room orenvironment, and the locations and/or descriptions of detectable tagsmay be indicated on the image preview (e.g., with an item descriptionbubble and arrow pointing to the tag). In this way, the user can easilyvisualize the location of various different tags in an environment.

FIGS. 141A-141B illustrate an example scenario in which a user isdirected to a tag using an augmented reality application. In theillustrated example, a user is attempting to locate a tag 14102 using adevice 14100 (e.g., a smartphone). The tag 14102 may be attached to aset of keys, a wallet, a smartwatch, a purse, or another object, thoughfor simplicity only the tag 14102 is illustrated in the figures.

The device 14100 may display an AR interface 14104 on a display. The ARinterface may include a live preview of the environment from a camera ofthe device 14100. The device 14100 may determine the position and/orlocation of the tag 14102 using techniques described herein (e.g., usingtime of flight analysis on a UWB signal from the tag 14102). Based onthe tag's position and the orientation of the device 14100 relative tothe tag (e.g., the direction that the camera of the device 14100 ispointing relative to the position of the tag 14102), the device maydetermine how the device's orientation would need to be changed in orderto bring the tag 14102 into the camera's field of view. The device maythen display a directional indicator 14106, such as an arrow, thatindicates to the user where to point or reorient the device 14100 tolocate the tag 14102. FIG. 141A shows the device 14100 oriented in adirection that does not show the tag 14102. Accordingly, the ARinterface 14104 shows a live preview from the device's camera, as wellas the directional indicator 14106. FIG. 141B shows the device 14100after the user has reoriented the device in accordance with thedirection indicated by the directional indicator 14106. The AR interface14104 has been updated to show the live preview of the new portion ofthe environment, and shows the tag 14102, as well as an updateddirectional indicator 14108 showing the detected position or location ofthe tag 14102. In some cases, a different type of graphical object mayindicate the location of the tag 14102. For example, an object (e.g., aballoon, star, flashing light, or the like) may be shown hovering overor near the tag 14102. The graphical object may be displayed even whenthe tag 14102 is obscured or occluded, such as if the tag 14102 is in adrawer, under a stack of papers, or otherwise not visible.

The directional indicators in the AR interface 14104 may be continuouslyupdated based on the position of the tag 14102 relative to the device14100 (and optionally the orientation of the device 14100). Thus, forexample, as the user moves and/or reorients the device 14100 whileviewing the AR interface 14104, the directional indicators may becontinuously updated to point the user towards one or more tags. Theuser may thus use the directional indicator as a compass-like guide thatultimately directs the user to the tag.

In some cases, multiple properties of a directional indicator changebased on the distance to a tag. For example, the length of a displayedarrow may vary in accordance with the distance between the device 14100and the tag 14102 (e.g., with a longer arrow indicating a greaterdistance), while the direction of the arrow indicates the position ofthe tag relative to the device 14100. Other types of information mayalso be displayed on the AR interface 14104, such as a numericalindicator of the distance to an object (e.g., in feet or meters), aproposed direction to move the device 14100 (e.g., up, down, left,right), or the like.

Devices other than tags, but which include the functions of a tag, mayalso be located and displayed to a user in an AR interface. For example,laptop computers, tablet computers, smartphones, WiFi routers, or thelike, may include the same or similar components as the tag, and thusmay be located by a device and incorporated into an AR interface. Thismay help a user find their own devices or devices with which they maywant to interact. For example, a user can use a smartphone to view an ARinterface that shows a live preview of the environment (through thecamera). The AR interface may direct the user towards wirelesslylocatable devices, and when such objects are within the live preview,show the device and a description of the device. In a specific example,the user can use the AR interface to scan or view a room to find a WiFirouter so that he can approach the router to establish a connection.When the user points his or her phone camera towards the WiFi router, agraphical object may appear on the display indicating that the object isa WiFi router, and optionally provide information about the router suchas an associated network name, password, wireless protocol, or the like.

Tags may also be used to facilitate augmented reality for gaming orother entertainment purposes. For example, tags may be used as gamepieces. Because the devices can determine the locations of the tags withhigh accuracy, the devices can visually replace the tags in an augmentedreality environment with computer-generated graphics. As one specificexample, a game of chess may be played with each piece representing oneof the chess pieces. Users may view the tags through a headset (or otherdevice) and the headset may replace the images of the tags withanimations of the chess characters, including animated battles betweenthe characters, or the like.

As another example, tags may be attached to a user's body to allow acomputer system to track the position of the tags and use position andchanges in position (e.g., motion) of the tags to control an avatar thatis displayed on a display (e.g., a television, head-mounted display), orthe like. FIG. 142 illustrates an example user 14200 with multiple tags14202 attached to his or her body or clothes. A computer system 14205may determine the position and/or location of the tags 14202 (includingthe relative locations of each tag to each other), and use the detectedspatial parameters to control the appearance and/or motion of an avatar14206 (or other graphical object) displayed on a display 14204. Thecomputer system 14205 may be a single device that is capable ofdetermining the spatial parameters of the tags 14202 (using thetechniques described above, such as ToF analysis of UWB signals). Thecomputer system 14205 may be a desktop computer, gaming console, mobilephone, home automation system, or any other suitable device. In somecases, the computer system 14205 shown in FIG. 142 represents multipledevices working in concert to determine the spatial parameters and/ormotions of the tags 14202. For example, multiple computers, gamingconsoles, phones, tablets, or the like may cooperate to determine thespatial parameters of the tags 14202 and/or to generate or control adisplayed avatar.

The application shown in FIG. 142 , in which a user's body motions aretracked and used to control an avatar or other character on a display,may be used for various different applications. For example, an exerciseor physical therapy program may display an example of a motion to beperformed, and then monitor the actual motion of the user. The user'sactual movements may be evaluated by the program to determine if theymeet the displayed suggested movements, and optionally to provideadditional guidance on how to perform the exercise. The user's motionmay also be evaluated to count repetitions of an exercise, evaluate auser's flexibility, or the like.

A user's body motions may also be used to control an avatar in a game oraugmented or virtual reality environment. For example, the user's bodymovements may be tracked and translated into movements of the in-game orin-environment avatar, which may in turn interact with other in-game orin-environment objects or characters.

The device-location relay network may also use the highly accuratedistance- and/or position-finding functions for features that are notnecessarily evident to a user. For example, a long-range wirelesscharging system may be able to improve its operation by having accurateposition estimates of devices in its range. More particularly, along-range wireless charging system may use highly directional, aimableelectromagnetic signals to wirelessly charge devices such as phones,tablets, notebook computers, and the like. The charging system may usethe device-location relay network (e.g., using a peer-to-peercommunication scheme) to determine the position of a device to becharged, relative to the charging system. The charging system may thendirect or aim its electromagnetic signals to that position to charge thedevice (e.g., using beamforming techniques). The charging system mayalso track a moving device with its electromagnetic signals bycontinuously monitoring or updating the position of the device to becharged. Similar techniques may be used for any suitable type of highlydirectional wireless signals (e.g., optical communications, wirelesscommunications signals, etc.).

The accuracy of the position measurements provided by the tags and thedevice-location relay network may also have unique applications insports and other recreational activities. For example, tags may beplaced on a user's body to track and analyze motions to improveperformance. More particularly, tags may be placed on a user's arms,back, head, legs, torso, or any other suitable location (including onsporting equipment such as golf clubs, basketballs, baseball bats, andthe like). Devices may then be used to track the position of each of thetags in three-dimensional space and develop biometric models and/oranimations of the user's motions. In this way, golf swings, baseballswings, basketball shots, volleyball strikes, or any other type ofsports or recreation motion may be recorded for analysis and trainingpurposes. Multiple tags may be attached to a user to track and/or recordcomplex multi-dimensional body movements, posture, form, etc.

In some cases, tags may have feedback systems that can indicate to auser if their motion or form deviates from a target. For example, if auser bends his knees too far during a basketball shot, haptic outputsystems on leg-based tags may provide a haptic notification to the userindicating the deviation or error. Tags (or the systems typicallyprovided in tags) may also be integrated into sports equipment such asgolf balls (e.g., to monitor trajectory and speed, to assist inlost-ball retrieval), golf clubs, basketballs, baseballs, baseball bats,and so forth. In some cases, tags may include accelerometers,gyroscopes, or other components, which may improve or expand thebiometric data captured by the tags in sporting and recreation contexts.Even outside the context of sports or recreation, tags may be used tomeasure users' motions for other purposes such as object tracking. Forexample, if a tag on a wallet is found to move along a path that isindicative of removal from a pocket, the location of that event may berecorded by the users' devices so that the user can be reminded at alater time where the wallet was removed from a pocket.

Tags may also be used to help track the locations of and the users ofshared resources. For example, communities or companies may provideresources such as cars, bicycles, scooters, or other equipment (e.g.,tools, computers, library books, etc.) that may be temporarily used bymultiple individuals. Such resources may have tags attached to them, andthe tags may facilitate the recording of who is using or has used theresource, and where the resource is located. As a specific example, auser may approach a shareable vehicle and touch his or her phone to awirelessly locatable tag on the vehicle. The act of touching the phoneto the tag may cause the NFC communications system of the tag and phoneto communicate (including the tag providing a unique identifier ofitself and/or the vehicle to the phone), and may initiate a checkoutoperation in which the user gains access to the vehicle. The location ofthe vehicle may be updated by the user's phone (as well as the devicesof other individuals in the device-location relay network). Because thedevices in the device-location relay network are able to periodicallyupdate the location of the tag, it may be possible for users todetermine the locations of the shared resources. Thus, if a sharedscooter is driven to another location by a first user, another user maybe able to find the location of the scooter (as updated by the firstuser or by other devices in the device-location relay network) byaccessing the location reports of the scooter. In cases where it isdesirable for multiple individuals to access location reports of a tag(such as in the case of shared resources), each authorized individualmay have a copy of a private key for a particular tag, or anotherauthorization scheme may be used so that each authorized individual canaccess the location reports in a secure manner.

The foregoing examples of use cases for the device-location relaynetwork are merely some example use cases, and are not limiting. Indeed,any tags may be associated with or attached to any suitable object tofacilitate distance, position, location, and/or motion tracking,initiate augmented reality objects, provide navigational cues, or thelike. Additional objects that may be associated with tags may include,for example, jewelry, bicycles, motorcycles, cars, scooters, vehicles,clothes, glasses, retail inventory (e.g., for theft prevention andrecovery), industrial applications (e.g., for tracking products along anassembly line, for tracking materials through a supply chain, formeasuring distances or tracking construction equipment or materials,etc.), musical instruments, flashlights, first aid kits, automaticelectronic defibrillators, mail, packages, shoes, helmets, medicinecontainers, pets, animals (e.g., for studying migration, preventingpoaching, etc.), and so forth.

In order to facilitate the detection of tags, devices that are capableof communicating with tags or otherwise receiving location reports oftags may include a tag-finding application or interface that shows alist of nearby tags. The list of nearby tags may include any and alltags that are associated with the user (e.g., the user's own tags) aswell as any publicly accessible tags and tags that the user isauthorized to see. Thus, when the user opens the tag-findingapplication, he or she may see a list of tags, each with an identifierof an object or location that the tag is associated with (e.g.,“wallet,” “car keys,” “Mona Lisa,” etc.). The user may then select adesired tag to get more information about the tag, such as the locationof the tag, directions to the tag, a status of the tag, or the like.Users may also download or otherwise access groups of related tags. Forexample, a user may download or access a list of publicly accessibletags in the Guggenheim Museum, all of which may appear in thetag-finding application so that a user can view the locations andinformation associated with the tags.

In some cases, the location of the tags associated with or accessible bya user may be shown in a map view, allowing the user to visualize thelocation of the tags in a geographic environment. Or they may be shownin a “radar view,” where the relative positions of the tags are showndistributed about a central point that represents the user, withoutdisplaying a geographic map. Locations may also be reported byrequesting location information about a tag from a digital assistant.For example, a user may ask a voice-based digital assistant “where aremy keys,” which may cause the digital assistant to respond with alocation of the keys (e.g., “in the kitchen” or “I'll show you on yourphone”).

The tag-finding application may display tags that the user's device cancommunicate with directly (e.g., tags that are nearby the user when theapplication is open), and tags that are remote from the device. In thelatter cases, the location information to the tag may not be generatedvia direct peer-to-peer communication between the user's device and thetag, but rather may be provided from location reports that have beenprovided to a cloud-based system. In this way, the tag-findingapplication can allow a user to locate tags that are remote from theuser's device. The tag-finding application may also visually orotherwise differentiate between tags that are local (e.g., in directpeer-to-peer communication with the device) and those that are remote(e.g., those that are not in direct peer-to-peer communication with thedevice but are associated with last-known locations and/or locationreports from a cloud-based system).

The tag-finding application may also help users locate otherindividuals. For example, individuals may choose to allow the locationof their own tags and/or devices to be viewed by others. Thus, a familyattending a theme park may all choose to allow their locations to beviewed by the other members of their family. The device-location relaynetwork allows a family member's device to access the locations of theother family members, using either direct peer-to-peer communicationswith the other family members' tags or devices if they are within range,or via remotely provided location reports (e.g., received from acloud-based service).

FIG. 143 depicts an example schematic diagram of an electronic device14300. The electronic device 14300 may represent an electronic devicethat determines a location of a wirelessly locatable tag, or determinesthe location of any other electronic device that includes the componentsof or provides the functionality of a wirelessly locatable tag (e.g., areceiving device 206, FIGS. 2D-2F). The electronic device 14300 asdescribed represents a mobile phone (e.g., a smartphone), but it mayalso represent a laptop computer, tablet computer, desktop computer,personal digital assistant, watch (e.g., a smartwatch) or other wearabledevice, a wireless router or other network infrastructure device, atelevision, or any other suitable device.

The device 14300 includes one or more processing units 14301 that areconfigured to access a memory 14302 having instructions stored thereon.The instructions or computer programs may be configured to perform oneor more of the operations or functions described with respect to theelectronic devices described herein. For example, the instructions maybe configured to control or coordinate the operation of one or moredisplays 14308, one or more touch sensors 14303, one or more forcesensors 14305, one or more communication channels 14304, one or moreaudio input systems 14309, one or more audio output systems 14310, oneor more positioning systems 14311, one or more sensors 14312, and/or oneor more haptic feedback devices 14306.

The processing units 14301 of FIG. 143 may be implemented as anyelectronic device capable of processing, receiving, or transmitting dataor instructions. For example, the processing units 14301 may include oneor more of: a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), anapplication-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signalprocessor (DSP), or combinations of such devices. As described herein,the term “processor” is meant to encompass a single processor orprocessing unit, multiple processors, multiple processing units, orother suitably configured computing element or elements.

The memory 14302 can store electronic data that can be used by thedevice 14300. For example, a memory can store electrical data or contentsuch as, for example, audio and video files, images, documents andapplications, device settings and user preferences, programs,instructions, timing and control signals or data for the variousmodules, data structures or databases, and so on. The memory 14302 canbe configured as any type of memory. By way of example only, the memorycan be implemented as random access memory, read-only memory, Flashmemory, removable memory, or other types of storage elements, orcombinations of such devices.

The touch sensors 14303 may detect various types of touch-based inputsand generate signals or data that are able to be accessed usingprocessor instructions. The touch sensors 14303 may use any suitablecomponents and may rely on any suitable phenomena to detect physicalinputs. For example, the touch sensors 14303 may be capacitive touchsensors, resistive touch sensors, acoustic wave sensors, or the like.The touch sensors 14303 may include any suitable components fordetecting touch-based inputs and generating signals or data that areable to be accessed using processor instructions, including electrodes(e.g., electrode layers), physical components (e.g., substrates, spacinglayers, structural supports, compressible elements, etc.) processors,circuitry, firmware, and the like. The touch sensors 14303 may beintegrated with or otherwise configured to detect touch inputs appliedto any portion of the device 14300. For example, the touch sensors 14303may be configured to detect touch inputs applied to any portion of thedevice 14300 that includes a display (and may be integrated with adisplay). The touch sensors 14303 may operate in conjunction with theforce sensors 14305 to generate signals or data in response to touchinputs. A touch sensor or force sensor that is positioned over a displaysurface or otherwise integrated with a display may be referred to hereinas a touch-sensitive display, force-sensitive display, or touchscreen.

The force sensors 14305 may detect various types of force-based inputsand generate signals or data that are able to be accessed usingprocessor instructions. The force sensors 14305 may use any suitablecomponents and may rely on any suitable phenomena to detect physicalinputs. For example, the force sensors 14305 may be strain-basedsensors, piezoelectric-based sensors, piezoresistive-based sensors,capacitive sensors, resistive sensors, or the like. The force sensors14305 may include any suitable components for detecting force-basedinputs and generating signals or data that are able to be accessed usingprocessor instructions, including electrodes (e.g., electrode layers),physical components (e.g., substrates, spacing layers, structuralsupports, compressible elements, etc.) processors, circuitry, firmware,and the like. The force sensors 14305 may be used in conjunction withvarious input mechanisms to detect various types of inputs. For example,the force sensors 14305 may be used to detect presses or other forceinputs that satisfy a force threshold (which may represent a moreforceful input than is typical for a standard “touch” input). Like thetouch sensors 14303, the force sensors 14305 may be integrated with orotherwise configured to detect force inputs applied to any portion ofthe device 14300. For example, the force sensors 14305 may be configuredto detect force inputs applied to any portion of the device 14300 thatincludes a display (and may be integrated with a display). The forcesensors 14305 may operate in conjunction with the touch sensors 14303 togenerate signals or data in response to touch- and/or force-basedinputs.

The device 14300 may also include one or more haptic devices 14306. Thehaptic device 14306 may include one or more of a variety of haptictechnologies such as, but not necessarily limited to, rotational hapticdevices, linear actuators, piezoelectric devices, vibration elements,and so on. In general, the haptic device 14306 may be configured toprovide punctuated and distinct feedback to a user of the device. Moreparticularly, the haptic device 14306 may be adapted to produce a knockor tap sensation and/or a vibration sensation. Such haptic outputs maybe provided in response to detection of touch and/or force inputs, andmay be imparted to a user through the exterior surface of the device14300 (e.g., via a glass or other surface that acts as a touch- and/orforce-sensitive display or surface). Haptic outputs may also be providedin response to a detection that a condition of a wirelessly locatabletag has been met. For example, if a rule relating to the location of atag is satisfied (e.g., if a tag is detected outside of a specified areaor greater than a specified distance from a user or another device), thedevice 14300 may produce a haptic output using the haptic devices 14306.

The one or more communication channels 14304 may include one or morewireless interface(s) that are adapted to provide communication betweenthe processing unit(s) 14301 and an external device. The one or morecommunication channels 14304 may include antennas, communicationscircuitry, firmware, software, or any other components or systems thatfacilitate wireless communications with other devices (e.g., withwirelessly locatable tags or devices that include such functionality).In general, the one or more communication channels 14304 may beconfigured to transmit and receive data and/or signals that may beinterpreted by instructions executed on the processing units 14301. Insome cases, the external device is part of an external communicationnetwork that is configured to exchange data with wireless devices.Generally, the wireless interface may communicate via, withoutlimitation, radio frequency, optical, acoustic, and/or magnetic signalsand may be configured to operate over a wireless interface or protocol.Example wireless interfaces include radio frequency cellular interfaces,fiber optic interfaces, acoustic interfaces, Bluetooth interfaces,infrared interfaces, USB interfaces, Wi-Fi interfaces, TCP/IPinterfaces, network communications interfaces, or any conventionalcommunication interfaces. The one or more communications channels 14304may also include ultra-wideband interfaces, which may include anyappropriate communications circuitry, instructions, and number andposition of suitable UWB antennas to facilitate localization of awirelessly locatable tag (or other device with similar functionality),as described herein.

As shown in FIG. 143 , the device 14300 may include a battery 14307 thatis used to store and provide power to the other components of the device14300. The battery 14307 may be a rechargeable power supply that isconfigured to provide power to the device 14300.

The device 14300 may also include one or more displays 14308 configuredto display graphical outputs. The displays 14308 may use any suitabledisplay technology, including liquid crystal displays (LCD), organiclight emitting diodes (OLED), active-matrix organic light-emitting diodedisplays (AMOLED), or the like. The displays 14308 may displayinformation relating to the position or location of a wirelesslylocatable tag, such as a graphical indicator that points to or otherwisedirects a user to the location of a wirelessly locatable tag.

The device 14300 may also provide audio input functionality via one ormore audio input systems 14309. The audio input systems 14309 mayinclude microphones, transducers, or other devices that capture soundfor voice calls, video calls, audio recordings, video recordings, voicecommands, and the like.

The device 14300 may also provide audio output functionality via one ormore audio output systems (e.g., speakers) 14310. The audio outputsystems 14310 may produce sound from voice calls, video calls, streamingor local audio content, streaming or local video content, or the like.The audio output systems 14310 may also provide audible outputs inresponse to a detection that a condition of a wirelessly locatable taghas been met.

The device 14300 may also include a positioning system 14311. Thepositioning system 14311 may be configured to determine the location ofthe device 14300. For example, the positioning system 14311 may includemagnetometers, gyroscopes, accelerometers, optical sensors, cameras,global positioning system (GPS) receivers, inertial positioning systems,or the like. The positioning system 14311 may be used to determinespatial parameters of the device 14300, such as the location of thedevice 14300 (e.g., geographical coordinates of the device),measurements or estimates of physical movement of the device 14300, anorientation of the device 14300, or the like. The positioning system14311 may also be used to determine spatial parameters of anotherdevice, such as a wirelessly locatable tag. The positioning system 14311may communicate with or otherwise interact with other components of thedevice 14300 to perform functions relating to localization of awirelessly locatable tag, including but not limited to the processingunits 14301, memory 14302, communications channels 14304, and the like.For example, the positioning system 14311 may perform at least some ofthe localization processes described with respect to FIGS. 2D-2F.

The device 14300 may also include one or more additional sensors 14312to receive inputs (e.g., from a user or another computer, device,system, network, etc.) or to detect any suitable property or parameterof the device, the environment surrounding the device, people or thingsinteracting with the device (or nearby the device), or the like. Forexample, a device may include temperature sensors, biometric sensors(e.g., fingerprint sensors, photoplethysmographs, blood-oxygen sensors,blood sugar sensors, or the like), eye-tracking sensors, retinalscanners, humidity sensors, buttons, switches, lid-closure sensors, orthe like.

To the extent that multiple functionalities, operations, and structuresdescribed with reference to FIG. 143 are disclosed as being part of,incorporated into, or performed by the device 14300, it should beunderstood that various embodiments may omit any or all such describedfunctionalities, operations, and structures. Thus, different embodimentsof the device 14300 may have some, none, or all of the variouscapabilities, apparatuses, physical features, modes, and operatingparameters discussed herein. Further, the systems included in the device14300 are not exclusive, and the device 14300 may include alternative oradditional systems, components, modules, programs, instructions, or thelike, that may be necessary or useful to perform the functions describedherein.

FIG. 144 depicts an example schematic diagram of a wirelessly locatabletag 14400. The wirelessly locatable tag 14400 may represent any of thewirelessly locatable tags, wireless tags, or wireless modules describedherein, and may interact with an electronic device (such as theelectronic device 14300) to facilitate localization of the wirelesslylocatable tag 14400. The wirelessly locatable tag 14400 as describedrepresents a small, puck-shaped device. As noted above, however, otherdevices may include the components, systems, and/or modules of thewirelessly locatable tag 14400, and may provide the same or similarfunctionality. Accordingly, the components, systems, and/or modules (andassociated programs, operations, and/or instructions) described as beingincluded in the wirelessly locatable tag 14400 may also be included inother devices, such as mobile phones (e.g., smartphones), laptopcomputers, tablet computers, desktop computers, personal digitalassistants, watches (e.g., smartwatches) or other wearable devices,wireless routers or other network infrastructure devices, televisions,or any other suitable devices.

The tag 14400 includes one or more processing units 14401 that areconfigured to access a memory 14402 having instructions stored thereon.The instructions or computer programs may be configured to perform oneor more of the operations or functions described with respect to thetags described herein. For example, the instructions may be configuredto control or coordinate the operation of one or more communicationchannels 14404, one or more audio input systems 14409, one or more inputdevices 14303, one or more audio output systems 14410, one or morepositioning systems 14411, one or more sensors 14412, one or more hapticfeedback devices 14406, and/or one or more optional displays 14408.

The processing units 14401 of FIG. 144 may be implemented as anyelectronic device capable of processing, receiving, or transmitting dataor instructions. For example, the processing units 14401 may include oneor more of: a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), anapplication-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signalprocessor (DSP), or combinations of such devices. As described herein,the term “processor” is meant to encompass a single processor orprocessing unit, multiple processors, multiple processing units, orother suitably configured computing element or elements.

The memory 14402 can store electronic data that can be used by the tag14400. For example, a memory can store electrical data or content suchas, for example, device settings and user preferences, timing andcontrol signals or data for the various modules, data structures ordatabases, programs, instructions, audio and video files, images,documents and applications, and so on. The memory 14402 can beconfigured as any type of memory. By way of example only, the memory canbe implemented as random access memory, read-only memory, Flash memory,removable memory, or other types of storage elements, or combinations ofsuch devices.

The input devices 14403 may detect various types of inputs and generatesignals or data that are able to be accessed using processorinstructions. The input devices 14403 may use any suitable componentsand may rely on any suitable phenomena to detect physical inputs. Forexample, an input device 14403 may be an audio system (such as the audiosystem 404) that detects inputs by detecting an electrical signal (e.g.,voltage, current) in a coil as a result of the coil being moved in amagnetic field. Other types of input devices 14403 may include domeswitches, capacitive sensors, resistive sensors, acoustic wave sensors,strain-based sensors, piezoelectric-based sensors, piezoresistive-basedsensors, or the like. Input devices 14403 may be integrated with thehousing of a tag such that a deflection or deformation of the housing,as a result of a user applying an input force to the exterior housingsurface, actuates the input device or otherwise produces a detectableevent that causes the tag to perform an action (e.g., changing a mode ofoperation, changing a beacon frequency, etc.).

The input devices 14403 may include touch sensors, which may in turninclude any suitable components for detecting touch-based inputs andgenerating signals or data that are able to be accessed using processorinstructions, including electrodes (e.g., electrode layers and/or anarray of capacitive electrodes), physical components (e.g., substrates,spacing layers, structural supports, compressible elements, etc.)processors, circuitry, firmware, and the like. The touch sensors may beintegrated with or otherwise configured to detect touch inputs appliedto any portion of the tag 14400. For example, the touch sensors may beconfigured to detect touch inputs applied to any portion of the tag14400 that includes an optional display. Example touch inputs includemomentary touches, taps, swipes, and other gesture and non-gestureinput. The touch sensors may operate in conjunction with force sensorsto generate signals or data in response to touch inputs that maycorrespond to a location of a touch or type of gesture provided to theinput device 14403. A touch sensor or force sensor that is positionedover a display surface or otherwise integrated with a display may bereferred to herein as a touch-sensitive display, force-sensitivedisplay, or touchscreen.

The input device 14403 may also include force sensors, which may in turndetect various types of force-based inputs and generate signals or datathat are able to be accessed using processor instructions. The forcesensors may use any suitable components and may rely on any suitablephenomena to detect force-based inputs. For example, the force sensorsmay be strain-based sensors, piezoelectric-based sensors,piezoresistive-based sensors, capacitive sensors, resistive sensors, orthe like. The force sensors may include any suitable components fordetecting force-based inputs and generating signals or data thatcorrespond to a degree or magnitude of the force-based input and thatare able to be accessed using processor instructions, includingelectrodes (e.g., electrode layers), physical components (e.g.,substrates, spacing layers, structural supports, compressible elements,etc.) processors, circuitry, firmware, and the like. The force sensorsmay be used in conjunction with various input mechanisms to detectvarious types of inputs. For example, the force sensors may be used todetect a finger press, object press, or other force inputs that resultin a force sensor output that satisfies a force threshold (which mayrepresent a more forceful input than is typical for a standard “touch”input). Like the touch sensors, the force sensors may be integrated withor otherwise configured to detect force inputs applied to any suitableportion of the tag 14400. For example, the force sensors may beconfigured to detect force inputs applied to any portion of the tag14400 that includes an optional display (and may be integrated with adisplay). The force sensors may operate in conjunction with the touchsensors to generate signals or data in response to touch- and/orforce-based inputs.

The tag 14400 may also provide audio output functionality via one ormore audio output systems 14410. The audio output systems 14410 mayinclude an audio system that uses a housing member as a diaphragm toproduce sound, as described above. The audio output systems 14410 mayalso provide audible outputs in response to a detection that a conditionof a wirelessly locatable tag has been met, or a signal or instructionfrom another device (e.g., the device 14300), or the like. The audibleoutput may be used to indicate a status of the tag (e.g., to indicatewhen the tag changes modes), to help a user locate a tag (e.g., bylistening for a beep or tone), or the like.

The tag 14400 may also include one or more haptic devices 14406. Thehaptic device 14406 may include one or more of a variety of haptictechnologies such as, but not necessarily limited to, rotational hapticdevices, linear actuators, piezoelectric devices, vibration elements,and so on. In general, the haptic device 14406 may be configured toprovide punctuated and distinct feedback to a user of the device. Moreparticularly, the haptic device 14406 may be adapted to produce a knockor tap sensation and/or a vibration sensation. Such haptic outputs maybe provided in response to any suitable condition, such as a receipt ofa wireless signal instructing the tag to produce an output (e.g., tohelp a user locate the tag). Haptic outputs form a haptic device 14406may be imparted to a user through the exterior surface of the tag 14400(e.g., via a housing member that defines an upper or top surface of thetag and also acts as a speaker diaphragm). Haptic outputs may also beprovided in response to a detection that a condition of a wirelesslylocatable tag has been satisfied. For example, if a rule relating to thelocation of a tag is satisfied (e.g., if a tag is detected outside of aspecified area or greater than a specified distance from a user oranother device), the tag 14400 may produce a haptic output using thehaptic devices 14406. As noted above, the haptic device 14406 may bepart of an audio system that uses a housing member as a speakerdiaphragm. In other cases, a dedicated haptic device, such as a linearresonant actuator, piezoelectric actuator, or the like, is provided.

The one or more communication channels 14404 may include one or morewireless interface(s) that are adapted to provide communication betweenthe processing unit(s) 14401 and an external device (e.g., theelectronic device 14300). The one or more communication channels 14404may include antennas (e.g., the antennas described with respect to FIGS.8A-8E), communications circuitry, firmware, software, or any othercomponents or systems that facilitate wireless communications with otherdevices (e.g., with devices that facilitate localization of the tag14400, such as the device 14300). In general, the one or morecommunication channels 14404 may be configured to transmit and receivedata and/or signals that may be interpreted by instructions executed onthe processing units 14401. In some cases, the external device is partof an external communication network that is configured to exchange datawith wireless devices. Generally, the wireless interface may communicatevia, without limitation, radio frequency, optical, acoustic, and/ormagnetic signals and may be configured to operate over a wirelessinterface or protocol. Example wireless interfaces include radiofrequency cellular interfaces, fiber optic interfaces, acousticinterfaces, Bluetooth interfaces, infrared interfaces, USB interfaces,Wi-Fi interfaces, TCP/IP interfaces, network communications interfaces,or any conventional communication interfaces. The one or morecommunications channels 14404 may also include ultra-widebandinterfaces, which may include any appropriate communications circuitry,instructions, and number and position of suitable UWB antennas tofacilitate localization of the tag (or other tags or devices withsimilar functionality), as described herein. For example, thecommunications channels 14404 may perform at least some of thelocalization processes described with respect to FIGS. 2D-2F (orotherwise be used as part of the localization processes or operations).For example, UWB antennas may be operable to send wireless beaconsignals to other devices to facilitate localization of the tag 14400 orof other devices.

As shown in FIG. 144 , the tag 14400 may include a battery 14407 that isused to store and provide power to the other components of the tag14400. The battery 14407 may represent the battery 514, or any otherbattery described above. The battery 14407 may be a button cell battery,or any other suitable type of battery. The battery 14407 may benon-rechargeable, or it may be a rechargeable battery or other powersupply that is configured to provide power to the tag 14400.

The tag 14400 may also include a positioning system 14411. Thepositioning system 14411 may be configured to determine the location ofthe tag 14400. The positioning system 14411 may perform, manage,control, or otherwise facilitate localization operations such as thosedescribed with respect to FIGS. 2D-2F. The positioning system 14411 mayoptionally include other devices or systems, such as magnetometers,gyroscopes, accelerometers, optical sensors, cameras, global positioningsystem (GPS) receivers, inertial positioning systems, or the like. Suchdevices or systems may be used to determine spatial parameters of thetag 14400, such as the location of the tag 14400 (e.g., geographicalcoordinates of the device), measurements or estimates of physicalmovement of the tag 14400, an orientation of the tag 14400, or the like.The positioning system 14411 may also be used to determine spatialparameters of another device, such as another wirelessly locatable tag,a smartphone, or any other suitably configured device. The positioningsystem may communicate with or otherwise interact with other componentsof the tag 14400, including but not limited to the processing units14401, memory 14402, and communications channels 14404, to perform suchfunctions or operations.

The tag 14400 may also include one or more additional sensors 14412 toreceive inputs (e.g., from a user or another computer, device, system,network, etc.) or to detect any suitable property or parameter of thedevice, the environment surrounding the device, people or thingsinteracting with the device (or nearby the device), or the like. Forexample, a device may include temperature sensors, barometric sensors,biometric sensors (e.g., fingerprint sensors, photoplethysmographs,blood-oxygen sensors, blood sugar sensors, or the like), eye-trackingsensors, retinal scanners, humidity sensors, electric field sensors,magnetic field sensors, buttons, switches, lid-closure sensors, or thelike.

The tag 14400 may optionally include one or more displays 14408configured to display graphical outputs. (Though, as noted above, insome cases tags 14400 may be devoid of displays or other visual outputdevices.) The optional displays 14408 may use any suitable displaytechnology, including liquid crystal displays (LCD), organic lightemitting diodes (OLED), active-matrix organic light-emitting diodedisplays (AMOLED), segmented LED display, or the like. The optionaldisplays 14408 may display information relating to the operations,modes, functions, settings, or statuses of a wirelessly locatable tag.For example, a display may display “Lost” if the tag is in a “lost” modeor state, or “Not Lost” if it is in a “not lost” mode or state. In somecases, an optional display 14400 may include indicator lights (e.g.,light sources that provide a single point or pixel of light). Theindicator lights may be LEDs or any other suitable light sources, andmay be positioned on a tag in a location that is visible to a user, suchas on (or visible along) a top exterior surface, a bottom exteriorsurface, a peripheral exterior surface, or any other surface. In somecases, the LED or other light source may be positioned within thehousing of the tag and proximate an optically transmissive portion ofthe housing (e.g., a glass, crystal, or plastic housing member orwindow), such that the light from the LED or other light source isprotected in the housing and also visible from outside the tag. Theindicator lights may indicate a status of the device, such as a powerstate, battery charge level, operating mode, lost/not lost status, orthe like. In some cases, the indicator lights may be activated inresponse to the tag being reported lost. For example, the indicatorlights may flash (or remain steadily illuminated) to alert nearby peopleto the presence of the tag and its status as being lost. The indicatorlights may be used for other purposes as well.

The tag 14400 may also optionally provide audio input functionality viaone or more audio input systems 14409. The audio input systems 14409 mayinclude microphones, transducers, or other devices that capture soundfor recording sound content (e.g., vocal recordings to be played back bythe tag), receiving voice commands for controlling operation of the tag,or the like.

To the extent that multiple functionalities, operations, and structuresdescribed with reference to FIG. 144 are disclosed as being part of,incorporated into, or performed by the tag 14400, it should beunderstood that various embodiments may omit any or all such describedfunctionalities, operations, and structures. Thus, different embodimentsof the tag 14400 may have some, none, or all of the variouscapabilities, apparatuses, physical features, modes, and operatingparameters discussed herein. Further, the systems included in the tag14400 are not exclusive, and the tag 14400 may include alternative oradditional systems, components, modules, programs, instructions, or thelike, that may be necessary or useful to perform the functions describedherein.

As described above, one aspect of the present technology is thegathering and use of data available from specific and legitimate sourcesto provide the ability to track and find objects. The present disclosurecontemplates that, in some instances, this gathered data may includepersonal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used toidentify a specific person. Such personal information data can includedemographic data, location-based data (e.g., locations, movements,positions, paths, etc., of a person and/or the person's belongings,devices, home environments, etc.), online identifiers, telephonenumbers, email addresses, home addresses, data or records relating to auser's health or level of fitness (e.g., vital signs measurements,medication information, exercise information), date of birth, or anyother personal information.

The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personalinformation data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefitof users. For example, locations of a user's tags may be recorded toallow users to find their lost possessions. Further, other uses forpersonal information data that benefit the user are also contemplated bythe present disclosure. For instance, health and fitness data may beused, in accordance with the user's preferences, to provide insightsinto their general wellness, or may be used as positive feedback toindividuals using technology to pursue wellness goals.

The present disclosure contemplates that those entities responsible forthe collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use ofsuch personal information data will comply with well-established privacypolicies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities would beexpected to implement and consistently apply privacy practices that aregenerally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmentalrequirements for maintaining the privacy of users. Such informationregarding the use of personal data should be prominent and easilyaccessible by users, and should be updated as the collection and/or useof data changes. Personal information from users should be collected forlegitimate uses only. Further, such collection/sharing should occur onlyafter receiving the consent of the users or other legitimate basisspecified in applicable law. Additionally, such entities should considertaking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to suchpersonal information data and ensuring that others with access to thepersonal information data adhere to their privacy policies andprocedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluationby third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacypolicies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should beadapted for the particular types of personal information data beingcollected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards,including jurisdiction-specific considerations that may serve to imposea higher standard. For instance, in the US, collection of or access tocertain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, suchas the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA);whereas health data in other countries may be subject to otherregulations and policies and should be handled accordingly.

Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplatesembodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to,personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplatesthat hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent orblock access to such personal information data. For example, the presenttechnology can be configured to allow users to selectively control whocan and cannot view or access the location of their tags or otherlocation-enabled devices, and control when outside devices (e.g.,devices not owned or controlled by the user) can communicate with auser's tags to provide location reports. In yet another example, userscan select to limit the length of time that location information isaccessible to others. In yet another example, users can configure theirdevices (e.g., mobile phones) not to receive, respond to, or otherwiseinteract with location-enabled devices such as tags. For instance, auser may configure a mobile phone to ignore instructions from tags tosend location reports, display messages on behalf of the tags or thelike. In addition to providing “opt in” and “opt out” options, thepresent disclosure contemplates providing notifications relating to theaccess or use of personal information. For instance, a user may benotified if another user accesses or attempts to access their locationor the location of their devices or tags.

Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personalinformation data should be managed and handled in a way to minimizerisks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can beminimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once itis no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including incertain health related applications, data de-identification can be usedto protect a user's privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, whenappropriate, by removing identifiers, controlling the amount orspecificity of data stored (e.g., collecting location data at city levelrather than at an address level), controlling how data is stored (e.g.,aggregating data across users), and/or other methods such asdifferential privacy.

Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use ofpersonal information data to implement one or more various disclosedembodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the variousembodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing suchpersonal information data. That is, the various embodiments of thepresent technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all ora portion of such personal information data. For example, content can beselected and delivered to users based on aggregated non-personalinformation data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, suchas the content being handled only on the user's device or othernon-personal information available to the content delivery services

The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specificnomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the describedembodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art thatthe specific details are not required in order to practice the describedembodiments. Thus, the foregoing descriptions of the specificembodiments described herein are presented for purposes of illustrationand description. They are not targeted to be exhaustive or to limit theembodiments to the precise forms disclosed. It will be apparent to oneof ordinary skill in the art that many modifications and variations arepossible in view of the above teachings. Also, when used herein to referto positions of components, the terms above, below, over, under, left,or right (or other similar relative position terms), do not necessarilyrefer to an absolute position relative to an external reference, butinstead refer to the relative position of components within the figurebeing referred to.

Objects or components that are shown or described as being at leastpartially embedded in or encapsulated by other objects or materials maybe formed via insert molding, multi-material injection molding, or anyother suitable technique. For example, in insert molding, an object maybe placed into a mold, and then a moldable material may be introducedinto the mold to at least partially encapsulate or at least partiallyembed the object in the moldable material. In multi-material injectionmolding, a first moldable material may be introduced into a mold (andoptionally at least partially cured or hardened), followed by a secondmoldable material. Other techniques may also be used, such as by sewingan object into another material, positioning an object between laminatelayers, or the like.

While many examples of functions and use cases are described withspecific reference to a wirelessly locatable tag, it will be understoodthat the same function may be performed by any device that is configuredto provide the functionality of the tags described herein. For example,a laptop computer or smartphone may have communications circuitry andother components that are similar to or provide the functions of awirelessly locatable tag. Thus, any function performed or facilitated bya tag may also be performed or facilitated by a laptop. As one specificexample, when a laptop computer is lost or misplaced, other devices in adevice-location relay network may receive signals from the laptop (e.g.,via Bluetooth, UWB) and send location reports to a server or hostsystem.

What is claimed is:
 1. A wirelessly locatable tag configured to transmita wireless signal to an electronic device to facilitate localization ofthe wirelessly locatable tag by the electronic device, comprising: anantenna assembly comprising: an antenna frame defining a top surface anda peripheral side surface; and an antenna positioned along theperipheral side surface and configured to transmit the wireless signal;a frame member coupled to the antenna assembly and defining a batterycavity configured to receive a button cell battery; and an enclosureenclosing the antenna assembly and the frame member, the enclosurecomprising: a first housing member formed from a unitary polymerstructure and defining: a top wall defining an entirety of a topexterior surface of the wirelessly locatable tag; and a peripheral sidewall surrounding at least a portion of the peripheral side surface ofthe antenna assembly and defining at least a portion of an exteriorperipheral side surface of the wirelessly locatable tag; and a secondhousing member removably coupled to the frame member and defining atleast a portion of a bottom exterior surface of the wirelessly locatabletag.
 2. The wirelessly locatable tag of claim 1, wherein: the wirelesslylocatable tag further comprises a circuit board attached to the antennaassembly; the antenna frame defines a peripheral support flange; and theperipheral support flange at least partially surrounds an outerperiphery of the circuit board.
 3. The wirelessly locatable tag of claim1, wherein: the wirelessly locatable tag further comprises a circuitboard attached to the antenna assembly; the antenna frame defines acircuit board cavity; and the circuit board is at least partially withinthe circuit board cavity.
 4. The wirelessly locatable tag of claim 1,wherein: the second housing member defines a passage fluidly coupling aninternal volume of the wirelessly locatable tag with an externalenvironment; and the wirelessly locatable tag further comprises anair-permeable waterproof membrane covering the passage.
 5. Thewirelessly locatable tag of claim 1, wherein: the top wall of the firsthousing member contacts the top surface of the antenna frame; theantenna frame defines a peripheral support flange; and the peripheralsupport flange contacts the frame member.
 6. The wirelessly locatabletag of claim 1, further comprising an audio system configured to movethe top wall of the first housing member to produce an audible output.7. The wirelessly locatable tag of claim 1, wherein: the antenna framecomprises a polymer material; and the antenna is plated on the polymermaterial.
 8. A wirelessly locatable tag configured to transmit awireless signal to an electronic device to facilitate localization ofthe wirelessly locatable tag by the electronic device, comprising: anantenna assembly comprising: an antenna frame defining a top surface anda peripheral side surface; and an antenna positioned along theperipheral side surface and configured to transmit the wireless signal;a unitary upper housing member formed from plastic and attached to andat least partially enclosing the antenna assembly, the unitary upperhousing member defining a substantial entirety of a top exterior surfaceof the wirelessly locatable tag; a frame member coupled to the antennaassembly and defining a battery cavity configured to receive a battery;and a lower housing member removably coupled to the frame member toenclose the battery and defining at least a portion of a bottom exteriorsurface of the wirelessly locatable tag.
 9. The wirelessly locatable tagof claim 8, wherein: the lower housing member defines a passage fluidlycoupling an internal volume of the wirelessly locatable tag with anexternal environment; and the wirelessly locatable tag further comprisesan air-permeable waterproof membrane covering the passage.
 10. Thewirelessly locatable tag of claim 8, wherein: the frame member defines achannel; and the lower housing member defines a latch member thatengages the channel to retain the lower housing member to the framemember.
 11. The wirelessly locatable tag of claim 10, wherein: thechannel is defined by a channel surface; and the wirelessly locatabletag further comprises a biasing member attached to the lower housingmember and configured to force the latch member into engagement with thechannel surface.
 12. The wirelessly locatable tag of claim 11, whereinthe biasing member is further configured to bias the battery into thebattery cavity.
 13. The wirelessly locatable tag of claim 8, wherein:the antenna frame defines an opening; and the wirelessly locatable tagfurther comprises an audio system at least partially within the openingin the antenna frame and configured to move the top exterior surface ofthe unitary upper housing member to produce an audible output.
 14. Thewirelessly locatable tag of claim 8, wherein: the antenna is a firstantenna; and the antenna assembly further comprises: a second antennapositioned along the peripheral side surface; and a third antennapositioned along the top surface.
 15. A wirelessly locatable deviceconfigured to transmit a wireless signal to an electronic device tofacilitate localization of the wirelessly locatable device by theelectronic device, comprising: an upper housing member defining: a topwall defining a top exterior surface and at least a first portion of afirst cavity; and a peripheral side wall defining a peripheral sidesurface and at least a second portion of the first cavity; an antennaassembly within the first cavity and comprising: an antenna framedefining a second cavity; and an antenna attached to the antenna frameand configured to transmit the wireless signal; a circuit board at leastpartially within the second cavity and coupled to the antenna frame; aframe member coupled to the antenna assembly and defining a batterycavity configured to receive a battery; and a lower housing memberremovably coupled to the frame member to enclose the battery cavity. 16.The wirelessly locatable device of claim 15, wherein: the frame memberis attached to the antenna frame over the second cavity, therebydefining an at least partially enclosed volume between the frame memberand the antenna frame; and the circuit board is within the at leastpartially enclosed volume.
 17. The wirelessly locatable device of claim15, wherein: the top wall further defines an interior surface oppositethe top exterior surface; a first portion of the interior surfacecontacts the antenna frame; and a second portion of the interior surfaceis set apart from the antenna frame by a gap.
 18. The wirelesslylocatable device of claim 17, wherein: the second portion of theinterior surface is defined by a central portion of the top wall; andthe wirelessly locatable device further comprises an audio systempositioned below the central portion of the top wall.
 19. The wirelesslylocatable device of claim 18, wherein the audio system is configured tomove the central portion of the top wall to produce an audible output.20. The wirelessly locatable device of claim 15, further comprising abiasing member coupled to the lower housing member and configured toproduce a biasing force between the lower housing member and the upperhousing member.